Syllabus for
MSc (Biotechnology)
Academic Year  (2024)

The evaluation scheme for each course shall contain two parts; (a) internal evaluation and (b) external evaluation. 50% weightage shall be given to internal evaluation and the remaining 50% to external evaluation and the ratio and weightage between internal and external is 1:1.  (a) Internal evaluation: The internal evaluation shall be based on predetermined transparent system involving periodic written tests, assignments, seminars and attendance in respect of theory courses and based on written tests, lab skill/records/viva and attendance in respect of practical courses.

The department of Life Sciences is a unique department in the University where multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary teaching and research in life sciences have established permanent roots. It is a diverse discipline that covers all branches of Zoology, Botany and Biotechnology in a dominant manner. This is one of the oldest departments of Christ University (formerly Christ College) started from the inception of the Institution in 1969. This serves as a valuable foundation to many students for understanding cellular and molecular level organization in living beings. The uniqueness of the department essentially lies in the fact that within its faculty there are experts and active researchers representing almost all areas of modern biology. Two research laboratories have been set under the department of Life Sciences in Kengeri Campus to promote the research in plant Science. Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory focuses on the extraction, purification, characterization and identification of secondary metabolites present in plants. Particularly, we focus on the secondary metabolites of medicinal plants like Andrographis paniculata, Centella asiatica, Nothapodytes etc. Plant Tissue Culture laboratory focuses on developing biotechnological approaches for the production of secondary metabolites from medicinal plants. We also aim at the rapid multiplication of medicinal plants through plant tissue culture in this laboratory.

To uphold the core values of the university and to build up a Life Science Community, for the betterment of humanity with their knowledge, ethics and entrepreneurship.

Biotechnology is a fundamental area of applied science that utilizes living cells and cellular materials to create pharmaceutical, diagnostic, agricultural, environmental, and other products to benefit society. The Master of Science in Biotechnology is designed to provide specialized scientific learning along with skills training to help students explore various career paths in agriculture, health care, forensics, industrial processing, and environmental management. Students will be provided hands on learning into the functioning of the biotechnology industry. Students will have to undertake an Industry Project in their second year of the programme.

Programme Outcome/Programme Learning Goals/Programme Learning Outcome:

PO2: Apply state of the art techniques in advanced Biotechnology research.

PO3: Understand and critically appraise new data arising from the use of techniques and to interpret the implications of data for the welfare of the society.

PO4: Evaluate the commercial, ethical and regulatory aspects of Biotechnology sector.

PO5: Develop competency for employment and entrepreneurship.

Microbes play a very significant role in the lives of higher organisms. The paper surveys the features of microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and protozoa in order to make the students understand their biology so as to manipulate them. This course fulfils the basic knowledge in microbiology for those students who wish to pursue career in allied health fields and other technical programs.

History of Microbiology, Physical and Chemical control of microorganisms, Classification and nomenclature of microorganisms, Bergey’s manual, Staining techniques - Gram’s, acid fast, capsular, flagellar and endospore staining. Microbial Taxonomy: Pure culture techniques (Streaking, spread plate, pour plate, serial dilution), Identification of microorganisms – Morphological, Biochemical, serological and molecular techniques. Microbial Culture preservation techniques.

History of Microbiology, Physical and Chemical control of microorganisms, Classification and nomenclature of microorganisms, Bergey’s manual, Staining techniques - Gram’s, acid fast, capsular, flagellar and endospore staining. Microbial Taxonomy: Pure culture techniques (Streaking, spread plate, pour plate, serial dilution), Identification of microorganisms – Morphological, Biochemical, serological and molecular techniques. Microbial Culture preservation techniques.

Bacterial cell structure, classification based on shape and arrangement of cells, Cellwall, flagella, pili and capsule – structure & functions, endospore formation. Bacterial secretory system

Bacterial cell structure, classification based on shape and arrangement of cells, Cellwall, flagella, pili and capsule – structure & functions, endospore formation. Bacterial secretory system

Microbial metabolism: Aerobic, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, Catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Bacterial photosynthesis, oxidation of inorganic molecules. Growth curve, factors affecting growth, Nutritional classification, Microbial associations (Mutualism, Syntrophism, Proto-cooperation, Commensalism, Ammensalism, Predation, Parasitism,), Stress physiology: effect of oxygen toxicity, pH, osmotic pressure, heat shock on bacteria, HSPs, thermophiles, halophiles, alkaliphiles, acidophiles, psychrophiles and barophiles and their adaptations and significance, Bacterial biofilm formation (mechanism and mode of resistance),  Nitrogen fixation mechanisms and genes involved.

Microbial metabolism: Aerobic, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, Catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Bacterial photosynthesis, oxidation of inorganic molecules. Growth curve, factors affecting growth, Nutritional classification, Microbial associations (Mutualism, Syntrophism, Proto-cooperation, Commensalism, Ammensalism, Predation, Parasitism,), Stress physiology: effect of oxygen toxicity, pH, osmotic pressure, heat shock on bacteria, HSPs, thermophiles, halophiles, alkaliphiles, acidophiles, psychrophiles and barophiles and their adaptations and significance, Bacterial biofilm formation (mechanism and mode of resistance),  Nitrogen fixation mechanisms and genes involved.

Viruses – Structure and classification based on shape and nucleic acid, Plant viruses – symptoms, transmission and control strategies of TMV, CaMV, Animal viruses - DNA viruses: Hepatitis B virus. RNA viruses: HIV, Nipah virus and Coronavirus (structure, infection cycle and risk factors) Bacteriophages-. Life cycle of Lambda phage.. Cultivation and assay of viruses: Cultivation of viruses in embryonated eggs, experimental animals and cell cultures. 

Viruses – Structure and classification based on shape and nucleic acid, Plant viruses – symptoms, transmission and control strategies of TMV, CaMV, Animal viruses - DNA viruses: Hepatitis B virus. RNA viruses: HIV, Nipah virus and Coronavirus (structure, infection cycle and risk factors) Bacteriophages-. Life cycle of Lambda phage.. Cultivation and assay of viruses: Cultivation of viruses in embryonated eggs, experimental animals and cell cultures. 

Fungi:- Structural features, Ainsworth’s system of classification, salient features of division, reproduction of fungi, fungi as food, as plant pathogens, control measures of fungi, Mycorrhizae- ecto and endomycorrhizae, significance, Algae:- Salient features, classification (Fritsch’s) and reproduction, , Symbiotic algae, use as biofuel, Algae as SCP (advantages and disadvantages)

Fungi:- Structural features, Ainsworth’s system of classification, salient features of division, reproduction of fungi, fungi as food, as plant pathogens, control measures of fungi, Mycorrhizae- ecto and endomycorrhizae, significance, Algae:- Salient features, classification (Fritsch’s) and reproduction, , Symbiotic algae, use as biofuel, Algae as SCP (advantages and disadvantages)

Concepts of pathogenesis, virulence and epidemiology, Disease classification - Epidemic, endemic and pandemics, CDC and its role, normal human microflora, gut microbiota and its relevance. Major Bacterial disease –Tuberculosis. Major parasitic diseases –Malaria, Diagnosis and control of infections, Antibiotic – types and mechanism of action, biomedical waste management, nosocomial infections, Drug resistance in bacteria – causes and consequences, superbugs.

Concepts of pathogenesis, virulence and epidemiology, Disease classification - Epidemic, endemic and pandemics, CDC and its role, normal human microflora, gut microbiota and its relevance. Major Bacterial disease –Tuberculosis. Major parasitic diseases –Malaria, Diagnosis and control of infections, Antibiotic – types and mechanism of action, biomedical waste management, nosocomial infections, Drug resistance in bacteria – causes and consequences, superbugs.

Microbes in food manufacture (Yeast, Lactobacillus etc), food spoilage (Brucella, Bacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia etc, mycotoxins - aflatoxins, ochratoxins, ergot alkaloids), agriculture (Rhizobium, Trichoderma etc), environmental management, Biodegradation of Xenobiotics - hydrocarbons, pesticides and plastics, Bioleaching of Copper, Iron , Uranium, Gold.

Microbes in food manufacture (Yeast, Lactobacillus etc), food spoilage (Brucella, Bacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia etc, mycotoxins - aflatoxins, ochratoxins, ergot alkaloids), agriculture (Rhizobium, Trichoderma etc), environmental management, Biodegradation of Xenobiotics - hydrocarbons, pesticides and plastics, Bioleaching of Copper, Iron , Uranium, Gold.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

The paper is intended to develop understanding and provide a scientific basis of the inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms. It also gives a thorough knowledge about the structure and function of biological macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids), and the metabolic and bioenergetic pathways within the cell. Students learn to interpret and solve clinical problems.

Forces and interactions of biomolecules; chemical bonds – Covalent and Ionic bond (bond energy), Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction.), high energy molecules in living system (ATP, ADP, NAD, NADH, NADPH, FAD, FADH2). Buffers and Solutions: Concept of pH, pKa, titration curve, acids, bases and buffers, Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation, biological buffer solutions. Laws of thermodynamics, Concept of free energy, enthalpy, entropy, Coupled reactions, group transfer, biological energy transducers, redox potential. Principles of thermodynamics; Kinetics, dissociation and association constants; energy rich bonds and weak interactions; Bioenergetics.

Forces and interactions of biomolecules; chemical bonds – Covalent and Ionic bond (bond energy), Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction.), high energy molecules in living system (ATP, ADP, NAD, NADH, NADPH, FAD, FADH2). Buffers and Solutions: Concept of pH, pKa, titration curve, acids, bases and buffers, Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation, biological buffer solutions. Laws of thermodynamics, Concept of free energy, enthalpy, entropy, Coupled reactions, group transfer, biological energy transducers, redox potential. Principles of thermodynamics; Kinetics, dissociation and association constants; energy rich bonds and weak interactions; Bioenergetics.

Forces and interactions of biomolecules; chemical bonds – Covalent and Ionic bond (bond energy), Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction.), high energy molecules in living system (ATP, ADP, NAD, NADH, NADPH, FAD, FADH2). Buffers and Solutions: Concept of pH, pKa, titration curve, acids, bases and buffers, Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation, biological buffer solutions. Laws of thermodynamics, Concept of free energy, enthalpy, entropy, Coupled reactions, group transfer, biological energy transducers, redox potential. Principles of thermodynamics; Kinetics, dissociation and association constants; energy rich bonds and weak interactions; Bioenergetics.

Classification, structure and Properties of mono, oligo and polysaccharides. Chirality and optical activity, stereoisomerism, cyclic structure of monosaccharide, (pyranoses and furanoses) , structures of glucose. Absolute and relative configuration (D & L and R & S nomenclature). Disaccharides-structures of Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose, Trehalose, Raffinose. Polysaccharides. Structure and properties of homo and hetero polysaccharides. Storage polysaccharides. (Starch, Glycogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin) Derived sugars- Sugar acids (Aldonic, Aldaric and Saccharic acids), amino sugars. Derivatives of carbohydrates (Glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids, Proteoglycan and glycoproteins). Carbohydrate metabolism:Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycolysis- Energetics and Regulation, Fermentation reactions (Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation), Gluconeogenesis, Reciprocal regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle- Energetics and regulation, Glyoxylate cycle. Pentose phosphate pathway.

Classification, structure and Properties of mono, oligo and polysaccharides. Chirality and optical activity, stereoisomerism, cyclic structure of monosaccharide, (pyranoses and furanoses) , structures of glucose. Absolute and relative configuration (D & L and R & S nomenclature). Disaccharides-structures of Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose, Trehalose, Raffinose. Polysaccharides. Structure and properties of homo and hetero polysaccharides. Storage polysaccharides. (Starch, Glycogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin) Derived sugars- Sugar acids (Aldonic, Aldaric and Saccharic acids), amino sugars. Derivatives of carbohydrates (Glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids, Proteoglycan and glycoproteins). Carbohydrate metabolism:Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycolysis- Energetics and Regulation, Fermentation reactions (Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation), Gluconeogenesis, Reciprocal regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle- Energetics and regulation, Glyoxylate cycle. Pentose phosphate pathway.

Classification, structure and Properties of mono, oligo and polysaccharides. Chirality and optical activity, stereoisomerism, cyclic structure of monosaccharide, (pyranoses and furanoses) , structures of glucose. Absolute and relative configuration (D & L and R & S nomenclature). Disaccharides-structures of Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose, Trehalose, Raffinose. Polysaccharides. Structure and properties of homo and hetero polysaccharides. Storage polysaccharides. (Starch, Glycogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin) Derived sugars- Sugar acids (Aldonic, Aldaric and Saccharic acids), amino sugars. Derivatives of carbohydrates (Glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids, Proteoglycan and glycoproteins). Carbohydrate metabolism:Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycolysis- Energetics and Regulation, Fermentation reactions (Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation), Gluconeogenesis, Reciprocal regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle- Energetics and regulation, Glyoxylate cycle. Pentose phosphate pathway.

Amino acids - Structure, properties, classification and functions, modifications of amino acids in proteins, non-protein amino acids. Proteins - peptide bond, Ramachandran's plot, Structural organizations of proteins (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, Domains, Motifs & Folds),. Structure and functional classification of proteins. Structure- function relationship.Thermodynamics of protein folding, denaturation and renaturation with examples, chaperones and chaperonins. Protein turnover (ubiquitin-mediated). Membrane proteins: channels and pumps. Keratin, Silk fibroin, collagen triple helix and hemoglobin. Amino acid and Protein metabolism: Transamination, Deamination, Decarboxylation, urea cycle and its regulation, formation of uric acid.

Amino acids - Structure, properties, classification and functions, modifications of amino acids in proteins, non-protein amino acids. Proteins - peptide bond, Ramachandran's plot, Structural organizations of proteins (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, Domains, Motifs & Folds),. Structure and functional classification of proteins. Structure- function relationship.Thermodynamics of protein folding, denaturation and renaturation with examples, chaperones and chaperonins. Protein turnover (ubiquitin-mediated). Membrane proteins: channels and pumps. Keratin, Silk fibroin, collagen triple helix and hemoglobin. Amino acid and Protein metabolism: Transamination, Deamination, Decarboxylation, urea cycle and its regulation, formation of uric acid.

Amino acids - Structure, properties, classification and functions, modifications of amino acids in proteins, non-protein amino acids. Proteins - peptide bond, Ramachandran's plot, Structural organizations of proteins (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, Domains, Motifs & Folds),. Structure and functional classification of proteins. Structure- function relationship.Thermodynamics of protein folding, denaturation and renaturation with examples, chaperones and chaperonins. Protein turnover (ubiquitin-mediated). Membrane proteins: channels and pumps. Keratin, Silk fibroin, collagen triple helix and hemoglobin. Amino acid and Protein metabolism: Transamination, Deamination, Decarboxylation, urea cycle and its regulation, formation of uric acid.

Enzymes: Enzyme nomenclature and classification. Isozymes, Coenzymes and cofactor, Metalloenzymes, membrane bound enzymes, Multienzyme complexes, Ribozymes, proteases, nucleases. Isolation and purification of enzymes. Factors affecting enzyme activity. Mechanism of enzyme action, Active site and Specificity of enzyme. Theories on enzyme substrate complex. Free energy of enzyme reactions. Steady state kinetics. Michaelis-Menton, and Lineweaver–Burk equations. Enzyme inhibition –competitive, non – competitive, uncompetitive, mixed and irreversible inhibition. Allosteric regulation in metabolic pathways. Applications of enzymes, enzyme engineering (Protein engineering). Immobilization of enzymes and their application.

Enzymes: Enzyme nomenclature and classification. Isozymes, Coenzymes and cofactor, Metalloenzymes, membrane bound enzymes, Multienzyme complexes, Ribozymes, proteases, nucleases. Isolation and purification of enzymes. Factors affecting enzyme activity. Mechanism of enzyme action, Active site and Specificity of enzyme. Theories on enzyme substrate complex. Free energy of enzyme reactions. Steady state kinetics. Michaelis-Menton, and Lineweaver–Burk equations. Enzyme inhibition –competitive, non – competitive, uncompetitive, mixed and irreversible inhibition. Allosteric regulation in metabolic pathways. Applications of enzymes, enzyme engineering (Protein engineering). Immobilization of enzymes and their application.

Enzymes: Enzyme nomenclature and classification. Isozymes, Coenzymes and cofactor, Metalloenzymes, membrane bound enzymes, Multienzyme complexes, Ribozymes, proteases, nucleases. Isolation and purification of enzymes. Factors affecting enzyme activity. Mechanism of enzyme action, Active site and Specificity of enzyme. Theories on enzyme substrate complex. Free energy of enzyme reactions. Steady state kinetics. Michaelis-Menton, and Lineweaver–Burk equations. Enzyme inhibition –competitive, non – competitive, uncompetitive, mixed and irreversible inhibition. Allosteric regulation in metabolic pathways. Applications of enzymes, enzyme engineering (Protein engineering). Immobilization of enzymes and their application.

Classification- Structure, properties, reactions and biological functions of lipids, role as cell membranes. Phospholipids, Sphingo and glycolipids, Steroids, cholesterol, bile salts, steroid hormones, Cerebrosides, lip amino acids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, eicosanoids (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxane). Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Beta oxidation of Fatty acids: activation, transport to mitochondria, metabolic pathway. Oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Alpha and omega oxidation, metabolic disorders, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, triglyceridemia, Tay-Sachs disease.

Classification- Structure, properties, reactions and biological functions of lipids, role as cell membranes. Phospholipids, Sphingo and glycolipids, Steroids, cholesterol, bile salts, steroid hormones, Cerebrosides, lip amino acids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, eicosanoids (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxane). Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Beta oxidation of Fatty acids: activation, transport to mitochondria, metabolic pathway. Oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Alpha and omega oxidation, metabolic disorders, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, triglyceridemia, Tay-Sachs disease.

Classification- Structure, properties, reactions and biological functions of lipids, role as cell membranes. Phospholipids, Sphingo and glycolipids, Steroids, cholesterol, bile salts, steroid hormones, Cerebrosides, lip amino acids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, eicosanoids (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxane). Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Beta oxidation of Fatty acids: activation, transport to mitochondria, metabolic pathway. Oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Alpha and omega oxidation, metabolic disorders, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, triglyceridemia, Tay-Sachs disease.

Structure and properties- Bases, Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Polynucleotides. Biosynthesis and regulation of purines and pyrimidines, Denovo and Salvage pathways, biodegradation of purines and pyrimidines.

Structure and properties- Bases, Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Polynucleotides. Biosynthesis and regulation of purines and pyrimidines, Denovo and Salvage pathways, biodegradation of purines and pyrimidines.

Structure and properties- Bases, Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Polynucleotides. Biosynthesis and regulation of purines and pyrimidines, Denovo and Salvage pathways, biodegradation of purines and pyrimidines.

Electron transport chain, Electron transfer reactions in mitochondria, Electron carriers, Ubiquinone, Cytochromes, Iron sulfur centers, Methods to determine sequence of electron carriers, Fractionation of Multi enzyme complexes I, II, III, IV of Mitochondria and their inhibitors, Oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis, Chemiosmotic model, Proton gradient, Structure of ATP synthetase, Mechanism of ATP synthesis, Brown fat, Regulation of Oxidative phosphorylation.

Electron transport chain, Electron transfer reactions in mitochondria, Electron carriers, Ubiquinone, Cytochromes, Iron sulfur centers, Methods to determine sequence of electron carriers, Fractionation of Multi enzyme complexes I, II, III, IV of Mitochondria and their inhibitors, Oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis, Chemiosmotic model, Proton gradient, Structure of ATP synthetase, Mechanism of ATP synthesis, Brown fat, Regulation of Oxidative phosphorylation.

Electron transport chain, Electron transfer reactions in mitochondria, Electron carriers, Ubiquinone, Cytochromes, Iron sulfur centers, Methods to determine sequence of electron carriers, Fractionation of Multi enzyme complexes I, II, III, IV of Mitochondria and their inhibitors, Oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis, Chemiosmotic model, Proton gradient, Structure of ATP synthetase, Mechanism of ATP synthesis, Brown fat, Regulation of Oxidative phosphorylation.

Vitamins: Classification, Chemistry and Biological Functions, Fat and water soluble vitamins. Role in metabolism, Vitamins as coenzymes. Metabolic Disorders – A, B, C, D, K.

Hormones: Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine action. Endocrine glands. Classification of hormones, basic mechanism of hormone action, importance of TSH, T3, T4, Estrogen, Testosterone, HCG, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Progesterone, adrenaline, insulin and glucagon. Hormone imbalance and disorders: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Polycystic Ovarian Disorder PCOD), Insulin Dependent Diabetes.

Plant Growth regulators: Physiological role and mechanism of action of plant growth hormones (Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, abscisic acid and Brassinosteroids), receptors and signal transduction and Systemic acquired resistance  (salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways). 

Vitamins: Classification, Chemistry and Biological Functions, Fat and water soluble vitamins. Role in metabolism, Vitamins as coenzymes. Metabolic Disorders – A, B, C, D, K.

Hormones: Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine action. Endocrine glands. Classification of hormones, basic mechanism of hormone action, importance of TSH, T3, T4, Estrogen, Testosterone, HCG, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Progesterone, adrenaline, insulin and glucagon. Hormone imbalance and disorders: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Polycystic Ovarian Disorder PCOD), Insulin Dependent Diabetes.

Plant Growth regulators: Physiological role and mechanism of action of plant growth hormones (Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, abscisic acid and Brassinosteroids), receptors and signal transduction and Systemic acquired resistance  (salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways). 

Vitamins: Classification, Chemistry and Biological Functions, Fat and water soluble vitamins. Role in metabolism, Vitamins as coenzymes. Metabolic Disorders – A, B, C, D, K.

Hormones: Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine action. Endocrine glands. Classification of hormones, basic mechanism of hormone action, importance of TSH, T3, T4, Estrogen, Testosterone, HCG, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Progesterone, adrenaline, insulin and glucagon. Hormone imbalance and disorders: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Polycystic Ovarian Disorder PCOD), Insulin Dependent Diabetes.

Plant Growth regulators: Physiological role and mechanism of action of plant growth hormones (Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, abscisic acid and Brassinosteroids), receptors and signal transduction and Systemic acquired resistance  (salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways). 

• CIA 1: 10%

• CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

• CIA 3: 10%

• Attendance: 5%

CIA total: 50%

End Semester examination: 50% (100 marks)

• Question 1 - 20 marks - No internal choice

• Question 2 - 20 Marks - No internal choice

• Question 3- 20 Marks - No internal choice

• Question 4- 20  Marks - With internal choice

• Question 5- 20  Marks - With internal choice

This paper has been designed in a standard manner to impart knowledge of the cell and its various attributes among the post graduate students. The topics included in this paper gives not only the basic idea about the subject but also provides in-depth knowledge. Students get an idea about the cellular structures, as well as how these structures are helpful for the cell to communicate with its environment and transduction of various signals, whether intracellular or extra-cellular. Furthermore, students also learn the mechanism of mitotic and meiotic cell division as well as how the cell cycle is regulated. The course structure also fulfils the important criteria regarding the preparation of students for the competitive examinations, for e.g. National Eligibility Test (NET), conducted by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), as well as various other entrance examinations for pursuing doctoral research.

Introduction: Discovery of cells, basic properties and classes of cells. Study of cells: Microscopy: Brief overview of Light microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, electron microscopy, Confocal Microscopes, Scanning probe microscope, micrometry. Purification of cells and their parts: cells separation and culture, flow cytometry, fractionation of cell contents.

Introduction: Discovery of cells, basic properties and classes of cells. Study of cells: Microscopy: Brief overview of Light microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, electron microscopy, Confocal Microscopes, Scanning probe microscope, micrometry. Purification of cells and their parts: cells separation and culture, flow cytometry, fractionation of cell contents.

Structure: History of studies on plasma membrane structure, Singer-Nicolson Model, Chemical composition of plasma membrane: lipids, proteins and carbohydrates; Dynamic nature of plasma membrane: role of lipids in membrane fluidity, lipid ordered state, lipid disordered state; membrane asymmetry - roles of flippases, floppases and scramblases; diffusion of proteins, restrictions of lipids and proteins mobility: fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching (FRAP), single-particle tracking, membrane domains and cell polarity.

Functions: Movement of substance across the membrane: Energetics of movement of solute, partition coefficient, Simple diffusion: mechanism, ion channels and types (voltage, ligand and mechano-gated ion channels), Facilitated diffusion (Glucose transport, GLUT proteins) and active transport (Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase, P and V-type ATPases, H+/K+ ATPase, ABC transporters); Cotransport(Uniport, Symport and Antiport); Membrane potentials and Nerve impulse: resting potential, action potential and its propagation as an impulse.

Structure: History of studies on plasma membrane structure, Singer-Nicolson Model, Chemical composition of plasma membrane: lipids, proteins and carbohydrates; Dynamic nature of plasma membrane: role of lipids in membrane fluidity, lipid ordered state, lipid disordered state; membrane asymmetry - roles of flippases, floppases and scramblases; diffusion of proteins, restrictions of lipids and proteins mobility: fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching (FRAP), single-particle tracking, membrane domains and cell polarity.

Functions: Movement of substance across the membrane: Energetics of movement of solute, partition coefficient, Simple diffusion: mechanism, ion channels and types (voltage, ligand and mechano-gated ion channels), Facilitated diffusion (Glucose transport, GLUT proteins) and active transport (Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase, P and V-type ATPases, H+/K+ ATPase, ABC transporters); Cotransport(Uniport, Symport and Antiport); Membrane potentials and Nerve impulse: resting potential, action potential and its propagation as an impulse.

Cell wall: Primary wall, middle lamella and secondary wall; Lysosomes: structure and functions, autophagy; Endoplasmic reticulum: structure and functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum; Signal hypothesis, Golgi complex: structure and function and movement of materials through Golgi apparatus. Structure and function of mitochondria: Structure of mitochondria: mitochondrial membranes, mitochondrial matrix; Structure and function of chloroplast, photophosphorylation; carbon dioxide fixation: synthesis of carbohydrates in C3, C4 and CAM plants. Nucleus - structure and function, nuclear pore complex, lamina; Chromosome structure, solenoid model, Ribosomes, Peroxisomes and Glyoxyosmes.

Cell wall: Primary wall, middle lamella and secondary wall; Lysosomes: structure and functions, autophagy; Endoplasmic reticulum: structure and functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum; Signal hypothesis, Golgi complex: structure and function and movement of materials through Golgi apparatus. Structure and function of mitochondria: Structure of mitochondria: mitochondrial membranes, mitochondrial matrix; Structure and function of chloroplast, photophosphorylation; carbon dioxide fixation: synthesis of carbohydrates in C3, C4 and CAM plants. Nucleus - structure and function, nuclear pore complex, lamina; Chromosome structure, solenoid model, Ribosomes, Peroxisomes and Glyoxyosmes.

Principles and importance; Whole mount preparation; Types of microscopic slides; Types of microtome; Process: Killing and fixing, Types fixation & fixatives, Dehydration, Microtome sectioning, Stains and staining, Mounting and mountants; Histochemical techniques for starch, protein, lipid and lignin; Specimen preparation for electron microscopy: Material collection, fixing, dehydration, embedding, sectioning and staining. 

Principles and importance; Whole mount preparation; Types of microscopic slides; Types of microtome; Process: Killing and fixing, Types fixation & fixatives, Dehydration, Microtome sectioning, Stains and staining, Mounting and mountants; Histochemical techniques for starch, protein, lipid and lignin; Specimen preparation for electron microscopy: Material collection, fixing, dehydration, embedding, sectioning and staining. 

Study of cytoskeleton:  Live cell fluorescence imaging, in vitro and in vivo single molecule assays; Microtubules: Structure, microtubule associated proteins, properties of microtubules with reference to the structures and functions of cilia and flagella; Intermediate filaments: structure and function; Microfilaments: basic Structure and function with reference to myosin.

Study of cytoskeleton:  Live cell fluorescence imaging, in vitro and in vivo single molecule assays; Microtubules: Structure, microtubule associated proteins, properties of microtubules with reference to the structures and functions of cilia and flagella; Intermediate filaments: structure and function; Microfilaments: basic Structure and function with reference to myosin.

Extra cellular matrix; Communication between cells and extracellular materials: roles of integrins, focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes; Communication between cells and other cells: roles of selectins, immunoglobulin superfamily, cadherins, adherens junctions and desmosomes; Tight Junctions; Gap Junctions; Plasmodesmata.

Extra cellular matrix; Communication between cells and extracellular materials: roles of integrins, focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes; Communication between cells and other cells: roles of selectins, immunoglobulin superfamily, cadherins, adherens junctions and desmosomes; Tight Junctions; Gap Junctions; Plasmodesmata.

Signaling mediated by G-protein coupled receptors, second messengers, enzyme tyrosine kinase, steroid receptors, role of calcium and NO as intracellular messenger, signaling via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis, two-component signaling in plants and bacteria; Quorum sensing.

Signaling mediated by G-protein coupled receptors, second messengers, enzyme tyrosine kinase, steroid receptors, role of calcium and NO as intracellular messenger, signaling via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis, two-component signaling in plants and bacteria; Quorum sensing.

Phases and progression of cell cycle; Control of cell cycle: Major events, cyclin dependent protein kinases (Cdks), suppression of Cdk by Cdk-Inhibirotry Proteins (CdI), dependence of Cdks on transcriptional regulation, biochemical switches in cell cycle, mitogen stimulated cell division: G1-Cdk and G1/S Cdk activities; Apoptosis: role of Caspases, Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways, roles of Bcl2 and IAPs in apoptosis, inhibition of apoptosis by extracellular factors; Necrosis.

Cancer: Benign and Malignant tumors, metastasis, oncogenes (retinoblastoma) and tumor suppressor genes (p53).

Phases and progression of cell cycle; Control of cell cycle: Major events, cyclin dependent protein kinases (Cdks), suppression of Cdk by Cdk-Inhibirotry Proteins (CdI), dependence of Cdks on transcriptional regulation, biochemical switches in cell cycle, mitogen stimulated cell division: G1-Cdk and G1/S Cdk activities; Apoptosis: role of Caspases, Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways, roles of Bcl2 and IAPs in apoptosis, inhibition of apoptosis by extracellular factors; Necrosis.

Cancer: Benign and Malignant tumors, metastasis, oncogenes (retinoblastoma) and tumor suppressor genes (p53).

G. Karp, Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, 6^th ed. USA: Wiley and Sons, 2009.

G. M. Cooper and H. E. Robert, The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 6^th ed. USA: S Sinauer Associates Inc., 2013.

B. J. Alberts, B. Alexander, and L. Julian, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5^th ed.  New York: Garland Science, 2008.

P. S. Verma and V.K. Agarwal, Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology, New Delhi: S. Chand and Co. Pvt. Ltd., 2010.

A. Paul, Text Book of Cell and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed. India: Books and Allied (P) Ltd;, 2011.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

• The chapters on genetics make them appreciate the flow of inherited characters from one generation to the other and study about the interaction of different genes in different organisms.
• The students will also gain knowledge related to quantitative, population and evolutionary genetics, in addition to microbial genetics.

Mendelism – basic principles (brief study). Extensions of Mendelism, Multiple allele, Genetic interaction, Epistatic interactions, Non-Epistatic inter-allelic genetic interactions, Atavism/Reversion, penetrance and expressivity of genes. Nonmendelian inheritance – cytoplasmic inheritance.

Mendelism – basic principles (brief study). Extensions of Mendelism, Multiple allele, Genetic interaction, Epistatic interactions, Non-Epistatic inter-allelic genetic interactions, Atavism/Reversion, penetrance and expressivity of genes. Nonmendelian inheritance – cytoplasmic inheritance.

Mendelism – basic principles (brief study). Extensions of Mendelism, Multiple allele, Genetic interaction, Epistatic interactions, Non-Epistatic inter-allelic genetic interactions, Atavism/Reversion, penetrance and expressivity of genes. Nonmendelian inheritance – cytoplasmic inheritance.

Sex Chromosomes and sex determination in animals and plants; Dosage Compensation of X-Linked Genes: Hyperactivation of X-linked genes in male Drosophila, Inactivation of X-linked genes in female mammals, Genes involved in sex determination,.Environment and sex determination, Hormonal control of Sex determination

Sex Chromosomes and sex determination in animals and plants; Dosage Compensation of X-Linked Genes: Hyperactivation of X-linked genes in male Drosophila, Inactivation of X-linked genes in female mammals, Genes involved in sex determination,.Environment and sex determination, Hormonal control of Sex determination

Sex Chromosomes and sex determination in animals and plants; Dosage Compensation of X-Linked Genes: Hyperactivation of X-linked genes in male Drosophila, Inactivation of X-linked genes in female mammals, Genes involved in sex determination,.Environment and sex determination, Hormonal control of Sex determination

Linkage and Crossing over - Stern’s hypothesis, Creighton and McClintock’s experiments, single crossover, multiple crossover, two-point cross, three-point cross, map distances, gene order, interference and co-efficient of coincidence. Haploid mapping (Neurospora), Mapping in bacteria and bacteriophages. 

Linkage and Crossing over - Stern’s hypothesis, Creighton and McClintock’s experiments, single crossover, multiple crossover, two-point cross, three-point cross, map distances, gene order, interference and co-efficient of coincidence. Haploid mapping (Neurospora), Mapping in bacteria and bacteriophages. 

Linkage and Crossing over - Stern’s hypothesis, Creighton and McClintock’s experiments, single crossover, multiple crossover, two-point cross, three-point cross, map distances, gene order, interference and co-efficient of coincidence. Haploid mapping (Neurospora), Mapping in bacteria and bacteriophages. 

Pedigree analysis, determination of human genetic diseases by pedigree analysis, genetic mapping in human pedigrees.Heterochromatization in human beings,Human karyotype, Banding techniques, classification, use of Human Cyto-genetics in Medical science, Chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous abortions

Pedigree analysis, determination of human genetic diseases by pedigree analysis, genetic mapping in human pedigrees.Heterochromatization in human beings,Human karyotype, Banding techniques, classification, use of Human Cyto-genetics in Medical science, Chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous abortions

Pedigree analysis, determination of human genetic diseases by pedigree analysis, genetic mapping in human pedigrees.Heterochromatization in human beings,Human karyotype, Banding techniques, classification, use of Human Cyto-genetics in Medical science, Chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous abortions

Polygenic inheritance, Statistics of Quantitative Genetics: Frequency distributions, the mean and the modal class, the variance and the standard deviation, Analysis of quantitative traits: -The multiple factor hypothesis, Partitioning the phenotypic variance; QTL, effect of environmental factors and artificial selection on polygenic inheritance.

Polygenic inheritance, Statistics of Quantitative Genetics: Frequency distributions, the mean and the modal class, the variance and the standard deviation, Analysis of quantitative traits: -The multiple factor hypothesis, Partitioning the phenotypic variance; QTL, effect of environmental factors and artificial selection on polygenic inheritance.

Polygenic inheritance, Statistics of Quantitative Genetics: Frequency distributions, the mean and the modal class, the variance and the standard deviation, Analysis of quantitative traits: -The multiple factor hypothesis, Partitioning the phenotypic variance; QTL, effect of environmental factors and artificial selection on polygenic inheritance.

(a) Gene pool, allele and genotype frequency. Hardy-Weinberg law and its applications, estimation of allele and genotype frequency of dominant genes, codominant genes, sex-linked genes and multiple alleles. Genetic equilibrium, genetic polymorphism.

(b) Factors that alter allelic frequencies; (i) mutation (ii) genetic drift - bottle neck effect and founder effect (iii) migration (iv) selection (v) nonrandom mating, inbreeding coefficient.

(a) Gene pool, allele and genotype frequency. Hardy-Weinberg law and its applications, estimation of allele and genotype frequency of dominant genes, codominant genes, sex-linked genes and multiple alleles. Genetic equilibrium, genetic polymorphism.

(b) Factors that alter allelic frequencies; (i) mutation (ii) genetic drift - bottle neck effect and founder effect (iii) migration (iv) selection (v) nonrandom mating, inbreeding coefficient.

(a) Gene pool, allele and genotype frequency. Hardy-Weinberg law and its applications, estimation of allele and genotype frequency of dominant genes, codominant genes, sex-linked genes and multiple alleles. Genetic equilibrium, genetic polymorphism.

(b) Factors that alter allelic frequencies; (i) mutation (ii) genetic drift - bottle neck effect and founder effect (iii) migration (iv) selection (v) nonrandom mating, inbreeding coefficient.

Emergence of evolutionary theory; Genetic Variation in Natural Populations: variation in phenotypes, variation in chromosome structure; Molecular Evolution: Molecules As “Documents of EvolutionaryHistory”, Molecular Phylogenies, Rates of Molecular Evolution, the Molecular Clock, Variation in the Evolution of Protein Sequences, Variation in the Evolution of DNA Sequences, The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Mutation And GeneticDrift, Molecular Evolution and Phenotypic Evolution. Species concept; Types of speciation. Mechanism of speciation - Genetic divergences and isolating mechanisms. Patterns of speciation - allopatric, sympatric, quantum and parapatric speciation, Pre-mating and Post mating isolating mechanisms, role of isolation in Speciation, Convergent evolution; sexual selection; co-evolution; Human Evolution: Humans and the Great Apes, Human Evolution in the Fossil Record, DNA Sequence Variation and Human Origins. Interaction of Genotype and Environment. 

Emergence of evolutionary theory; Genetic Variation in Natural Populations: variation in phenotypes, variation in chromosome structure; Molecular Evolution: Molecules As “Documents of EvolutionaryHistory”, Molecular Phylogenies, Rates of Molecular Evolution, the Molecular Clock, Variation in the Evolution of Protein Sequences, Variation in the Evolution of DNA Sequences, The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Mutation And GeneticDrift, Molecular Evolution and Phenotypic Evolution. Species concept; Types of speciation. Mechanism of speciation - Genetic divergences and isolating mechanisms. Patterns of speciation - allopatric, sympatric, quantum and parapatric speciation, Pre-mating and Post mating isolating mechanisms, role of isolation in Speciation, Convergent evolution; sexual selection; co-evolution; Human Evolution: Humans and the Great Apes, Human Evolution in the Fossil Record, DNA Sequence Variation and Human Origins. Interaction of Genotype and Environment. 

Emergence of evolutionary theory; Genetic Variation in Natural Populations: variation in phenotypes, variation in chromosome structure; Molecular Evolution: Molecules As “Documents of EvolutionaryHistory”, Molecular Phylogenies, Rates of Molecular Evolution, the Molecular Clock, Variation in the Evolution of Protein Sequences, Variation in the Evolution of DNA Sequences, The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Mutation And GeneticDrift, Molecular Evolution and Phenotypic Evolution. Species concept; Types of speciation. Mechanism of speciation - Genetic divergences and isolating mechanisms. Patterns of speciation - allopatric, sympatric, quantum and parapatric speciation, Pre-mating and Post mating isolating mechanisms, role of isolation in Speciation, Convergent evolution; sexual selection; co-evolution; Human Evolution: Humans and the Great Apes, Human Evolution in the Fossil Record, DNA Sequence Variation and Human Origins. Interaction of Genotype and Environment. 

Fundamentals of Bacterial and Viral Genetics, Genetic Transformation, Conjugation and the Escherichia coli Paradigm, Conjugation Systems Other than F, Genetics of Temperate Bacteriophages, Chromosomal aberrations: in oncogenes, Genetics of immune system,Congenital malformations,Invasive Prenatal diagnosis,Genetics and Society

Fundamentals of Bacterial and Viral Genetics, Genetic Transformation, Conjugation and the Escherichia coli Paradigm, Conjugation Systems Other than F, Genetics of Temperate Bacteriophages, Chromosomal aberrations: in oncogenes, Genetics of immune system,Congenital malformations,Invasive Prenatal diagnosis,Genetics and Society

Fundamentals of Bacterial and Viral Genetics, Genetic Transformation, Conjugation and the Escherichia coli Paradigm, Conjugation Systems Other than F, Genetics of Temperate Bacteriophages, Chromosomal aberrations: in oncogenes, Genetics of immune system,Congenital malformations,Invasive Prenatal diagnosis,Genetics and Society

1.      Benjamin Lewin (2000). Genes VII. Oxford university press.

2.      Gardner E J, Simmons M J, Snustad D P (1991). Principles of Genetics (III Edn). John Wiley and Sons Inc.

3.      Snustad D P, Simmons M J (2000). Principles of Genetics (III Edn). John Wiley and Sons.

4.      Strickberger (2005). Genetics (III Edn). Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

5.      William S Klug, Michael R Cummings (1994). Concepts of Genetics. Prentice Hall.

      1.      Robert J Brooker (2009). Genetics: Analysis and principles (III Edn). McGraw Hill 

2.      Daniel L Hartl, Elizabeth W Jones (2009). Genetics: Analysis of genes and genomes (VII Edn). Jones and Bartlett publishers.

3.      D Peter Snustad, Michael J Simmons (2010). Principles of genetics (V Edn). John Wiley and Sons.

4.      George Ledyard Stebbins (1971). Process of Organic evolution.

5.      Roderic D M Page, Edward C Holmes (1998). Molecular Evolution: A phylogenetic approach.

6.      Blackwell Science Ltd.

7.      MaxtoshiNei, Sudhir Kumar (2000). Molecular Evolution and phylogenetics. Oxford University Press.

8.      Katy Human (2006). Biological evolution: An anthology of current thought. The Rosen publishing group, Inc.

9.      Monroe W Strickberger (1990). Evolution. Jones and Bartlett publishers.

10.  E d w a r d A . B i r g e, Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics, 5^th Ed. Springer

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

To understand what is meant by concentration, by volume, and by amount, and their interrelationships

Make the students able to convert multiples of one unit to another

To make the students understand that there is a physical limit to the volume of a solution you can pipette, determined by your equipment

Fractions, Decimals and Percentages, Amounts, Volumes and Concentrations, Scientific Notation, Conversion of Units.

Fractions, Decimals and Percentages, Amounts, Volumes and Concentrations, Scientific Notation, Conversion of Units.

Fractions, Decimals and Percentages, Amounts, Volumes and Concentrations, Scientific Notation, Conversion of Units.

Solving Equations and Evaluating Expressions, Logarithms, Straight-Line and Non-Straight-Line Graphs, Rate of Change

Solving Equations and Evaluating Expressions, Logarithms, Straight-Line and Non-Straight-Line Graphs, Rate of Change

Solving Equations and Evaluating Expressions, Logarithms, Straight-Line and Non-Straight-Line Graphs, Rate of Change

Assignment - 10 

Mini project - 20 

exam -          20

1.      To understand the theoretical basis of conducting research

2.      To design a research

3.      Understanding the importance of the research paper

4.      To impart knowledge regarding the ethics in research

Need for research, stages of research; Basic concepts of research -Meaning, Objectives, Motivation and Approaches. Types of Research (Descriptive/Analytical, Applied/ Fundamental, Quantitative/Qualitative, Conceptual/ Empirical);

Research formulation -Observation and Facts, Prediction and explanation, Induction, Deduction; Defining and formulating the research problem, Selecting the problem and necessity of defining the problem

Need for research, stages of research; Basic concepts of research -Meaning, Objectives, Motivation and Approaches. Types of Research (Descriptive/Analytical, Applied/ Fundamental, Quantitative/Qualitative, Conceptual/ Empirical);

Research formulation -Observation and Facts, Prediction and explanation, Induction, Deduction; Defining and formulating the research problem, Selecting the problem and necessity of defining the problem

Need for research, stages of research; Basic concepts of research -Meaning, Objectives, Motivation and Approaches. Types of Research (Descriptive/Analytical, Applied/ Fundamental, Quantitative/Qualitative, Conceptual/ Empirical);

Research formulation -Observation and Facts, Prediction and explanation, Induction, Deduction; Defining and formulating the research problem, Selecting the problem and necessity of defining the problem

Laboratory record, CAS, Good Documentation Practises, Data Integrity

Workbook maintenance, Various funding agencies (National: ICMR, DST DBT etc and International:Humboldt-Forschungsstipendium), Project proposal writing, Research report writing (Thesis and dissertations, Research articles, Oral communications); Presentation techniques - Assignment, Seminar, Debate, Workshop, Colloquium, Conference.

Laboratory record, CAS, Good Documentation Practises, Data Integrity

Workbook maintenance, Various funding agencies (National: ICMR, DST DBT etc and International:Humboldt-Forschungsstipendium), Project proposal writing, Research report writing (Thesis and dissertations, Research articles, Oral communications); Presentation techniques - Assignment, Seminar, Debate, Workshop, Colloquium, Conference.

Laboratory record, CAS, Good Documentation Practises, Data Integrity

Workbook maintenance, Various funding agencies (National: ICMR, DST DBT etc and International:Humboldt-Forschungsstipendium), Project proposal writing, Research report writing (Thesis and dissertations, Research articles, Oral communications); Presentation techniques - Assignment, Seminar, Debate, Workshop, Colloquium, Conference.

Basic concept and parameters of various Indexing agencies: Scopus and SCImago (SNIP, SJR and CiteScore), Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, Impact Factor) DOAJ, PubMed Central (PMC), ScienceDirect, Indexing types in UGC CARE (two tiers), other indexing agencies (Index Copernicus, Google Scholar, EMBASE etc), InFlibnet and Sodhganga

Concept on Open access, types (Gold & Green)

Types of articles, basic concept on DOI, ISBN, ISSN, ORCID, Crossmark-Crossref, Concept on Volume and Issue

Literature review -Importance of literature reviewing in defining a problem, Critical literature review, Identifying gap areas from literature review

Original research article; technique of writing, different sections, finding journals (Elsevier® JournalFinder and Springer Journal Suggester)

Basic concepts on Mini review, Short communication, Letter to the Editor. Commentaries, Book Chapter 

Concept on publishing houses: International (e.g. Elsevier, Springer-Nature, Taylor-Francis, Willey Online, Sage etc) and National (CSIR, Indian Academy of Science etc)

Concept on Peer review process

Concept on Predatory Journal, Beall’s List

Concept on Citations and References, Different referencing styles: APA, IEEE, MLA, and Chicago

Basic concept and parameters of various Indexing agencies: Scopus and SCImago (SNIP, SJR and CiteScore), Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, Impact Factor) DOAJ, PubMed Central (PMC), ScienceDirect, Indexing types in UGC CARE (two tiers), other indexing agencies (Index Copernicus, Google Scholar, EMBASE etc), InFlibnet and Sodhganga

Concept on Open access, types (Gold & Green)

Types of articles, basic concept on DOI, ISBN, ISSN, ORCID, Crossmark-Crossref, Concept on Volume and Issue

Literature review -Importance of literature reviewing in defining a problem, Critical literature review, Identifying gap areas from literature review

Original research article; technique of writing, different sections, finding journals (Elsevier® JournalFinder and Springer Journal Suggester)

Basic concepts on Mini review, Short communication, Letter to the Editor. Commentaries, Book Chapter 

Concept on publishing houses: International (e.g. Elsevier, Springer-Nature, Taylor-Francis, Willey Online, Sage etc) and National (CSIR, Indian Academy of Science etc)

Concept on Peer review process

Concept on Predatory Journal, Beall’s List

Concept on Citations and References, Different referencing styles: APA, IEEE, MLA, and Chicago

Basic concept and parameters of various Indexing agencies: Scopus and SCImago (SNIP, SJR and CiteScore), Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, Impact Factor) DOAJ, PubMed Central (PMC), ScienceDirect, Indexing types in UGC CARE (two tiers), other indexing agencies (Index Copernicus, Google Scholar, EMBASE etc), InFlibnet and Sodhganga

Concept on Open access, types (Gold & Green)

Types of articles, basic concept on DOI, ISBN, ISSN, ORCID, Crossmark-Crossref, Concept on Volume and Issue

Literature review -Importance of literature reviewing in defining a problem, Critical literature review, Identifying gap areas from literature review

Original research article; technique of writing, different sections, finding journals (Elsevier® JournalFinder and Springer Journal Suggester)

Basic concepts on Mini review, Short communication, Letter to the Editor. Commentaries, Book Chapter 

Concept on publishing houses: International (e.g. Elsevier, Springer-Nature, Taylor-Francis, Willey Online, Sage etc) and National (CSIR, Indian Academy of Science etc)

Concept on Peer review process

Concept on Predatory Journal, Beall’s List

Concept on Citations and References, Different referencing styles: APA, IEEE, MLA, and Chicago

Intellectual Property Rights - Copy right, Designs, Patents, Trademarks 

Referencing software (EndNote, Mendeley, Zotero), Processing software (MS Word, MS Excel) Statistical software (Minitab, SPSS- ANOVA, t Test, Regression)

Intellectual Property Rights - Copy right, Designs, Patents, Trademarks 

Referencing software (EndNote, Mendeley, Zotero), Processing software (MS Word, MS Excel) Statistical software (Minitab, SPSS- ANOVA, t Test, Regression)

Intellectual Property Rights - Copy right, Designs, Patents, Trademarks 

Referencing software (EndNote, Mendeley, Zotero), Processing software (MS Word, MS Excel) Statistical software (Minitab, SPSS- ANOVA, t Test, Regression)

Concept of Plagiarism (UGC guideline)

Animal Welfare Board of India, Committee for the Purpose of Control And Supervision of Experiments on Animals, hazards (symbols and NFPA Hazard Identification System) Extension: Lab to Field, Extension communication, Extension tools; Bioethics: Laws in India, Working with man and animals, Consent, Biodiversity Board (Central and states)

Concept of Plagiarism (UGC guideline)

Animal Welfare Board of India, Committee for the Purpose of Control And Supervision of Experiments on Animals, hazards (symbols and NFPA Hazard Identification System) Extension: Lab to Field, Extension communication, Extension tools; Bioethics: Laws in India, Working with man and animals, Consent, Biodiversity Board (Central and states)

Concept of Plagiarism (UGC guideline)

Animal Welfare Board of India, Committee for the Purpose of Control And Supervision of Experiments on Animals, hazards (symbols and NFPA Hazard Identification System) Extension: Lab to Field, Extension communication, Extension tools; Bioethics: Laws in India, Working with man and animals, Consent, Biodiversity Board (Central and states)

      2.      Dawson, C. Practical research methods. UBS Publishers, New Delhi. 2002.

2.      Ruzin, S.E. Plant micro technique and microscopy. Oxford University Press, New York, U.S.A., 1999.

• Microbes play a very significant role in the lives of higher organisms.
• The paper surveys the features of microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and protozoa in order to make the students understand their biology so as to manipulate them.
• This course fulfils the basic knowledge in microbiology for those students who wish to pursue career in allied health fields and other technical programs. 

1.Safety rules, instrumentation and media preparation-- Nutrient agar, Potato dextrose Agar, differential media etc.

2.Staining techniques: Simple, Differential: acid-fast, endospore, capsule, cell wall, cytoplasmic inclusion, vital stains: flagella, spore and nuclear staining.

3.Antimicrobial susceptibility tests- a. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test and Dilution sensitivity test-MIC and MBC

4.Isolation and culture of Rhizobium and production of biofertilizer

5.Biochemical tests Catalase, oxidase, IMViC

6. Test for bacterial motility - Hanging drop test and tube test

7. Hydrolysis test - Starch hydrolysis, Protein hydrolysis test,  Gelatin hydrolysis test, urease, nitrate reduction

8. Fermentation test - Acid and gas from glucose, carbohydrate fermentation test, oxidative fermentative test

9.Isolation of fungi from soil: Dilution plate method, Warcup method, stamping method.

10. Observation of fungi using LCB staining method.

11. Screening for antibiotic producing microbes (antibacterial, antifungal)

1.Safety rules, instrumentation and media preparation-- Nutrient agar, Potato dextrose Agar, differential media etc.

2.Staining techniques: Simple, Differential: acid-fast, endospore, capsule, cell wall, cytoplasmic inclusion, vital stains: flagella, spore and nuclear staining.

3.Antimicrobial susceptibility tests- a. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test and Dilution sensitivity test-MIC and MBC

4.Isolation and culture of Rhizobium and production of biofertilizer

5.Biochemical tests Catalase, oxidase, IMViC

6. Test for bacterial motility - Hanging drop test and tube test

7. Hydrolysis test - Starch hydrolysis, Protein hydrolysis test,  Gelatin hydrolysis test, urease, nitrate reduction

8. Fermentation test - Acid and gas from glucose, carbohydrate fermentation test, oxidative fermentative test

9.Isolation of fungi from soil: Dilution plate method, Warcup method, stamping method.

10. Observation of fungi using LCB staining method.

11. Screening for antibiotic producing microbes (antibacterial, antifungal)

1.            Laboratory safety guidelines

2.            Preparation of solutions

3.            Preparation of buffers applying HH equation

4.            Validation of Beer-Lambert’s Law (colorimeter and spectrophotometer)

5.            Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates

6.            Estimation of reducing sugars by Anthrone method

7.            Quantification of protein (Folin Lowry/BCA/ Bradford methods).

8.            Estimation of proteins by Biuret method

9.            Determination of specific activity, Km & Vmax of amylase, 

10.          Determination of optimum pH for enzyme activity

11.          Determination of optimum temperature for enzyme activity

12.          Estimation of serum cholesterol by Zaks method

13.          Estimation of Indole acetic acid by Salkowskis method

14.          Estimation of Ascorbic acid in citrus using 2, 6 dichlorophenol Indophenol.

1.            Laboratory safety guidelines

2.            Preparation of solutions

3.            Preparation of buffers applying HH equation

4.            Validation of Beer-Lambert’s Law (colorimeter and spectrophotometer)

5.            Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates

6.            Estimation of reducing sugars by Anthrone method

7.            Quantification of protein (Folin Lowry/BCA/ Bradford methods).

8.            Estimation of proteins by Biuret method

9.            Determination of specific activity, Km & Vmax of amylase, 

10.          Determination of optimum pH for enzyme activity

11.          Determination of optimum temperature for enzyme activity

12.          Estimation of serum cholesterol by Zaks method

13.          Estimation of Indole acetic acid by Salkowskis method

14.          Estimation of Ascorbic acid in citrus using 2, 6 dichlorophenol Indophenol.

Mid Semester Examination: 20%

Record: 10%

End Semester Examination: 50%

MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LAB (MLIF151)

The paper imparts practical knowledge on the biology of cells and also on the basic experiments in biochemistry. It deals with detailed microscopic studies of basic cell multiplication processes like mitosis and meiosis. Microscopy techniques are given utmost importance.   Furthermore, knowledge of Genetics will help them to solve various complicated genetic problems.

• Genetic Problems in Recombination and Linkage

• Genetic problems in quantitative genetics

• Genetic problems in population genetics

• Genetic Problems in Recombination and Linkage

• Genetic problems in quantitative genetics

• Genetic problems in population genetics

Performance: 20 marks

Analysing the genetic problems using SPSS/Origin/SigmaPlot: 20 marks

Mid Semester Examination: 40 marks

Record: 20 marks

The pattern of  End Semester Practical Examination:

Time: 6 Hours                                                                     Total Marks: 100

1.      Isolation of chloroplast and estimation of chlorophyll content from the given sample                                                                                                (20 marks)

OR

Isolation and enumeration of chloroplast from the given sample

OR

Isolation and enumeration of mitochondria from yeast.

(Introduction: 2 marks; Principle: 4 marks; Procedure: 4 marks; Results and discussion: 10 marks)                                   

2.      Preparation of buccal smear for the study of Barr body                   (15 marks)

OR

Prepare temporary squash of the given biological sample and report any two stages of mitosis.

OR

Prepare temporary squash of the given biological sample and report any two stages of meiosis.

(Introduction: 2 marks; Principle: 3 marks; Procedure: 2 marks; Results and discussion: 8 marks)

3.      Logical Reasoning                                                                 (3 X 3 marks = 9 marks)

4.      Spotters                                                                                (4 X 4 marks = 16 marks)

5.      Viva                                                                                                    (10 marks)

6.      Problems in Genetics                                                                       (30 marks)

The objective of the course is to impart in depth knowledge about the concepts in genetic engineering-enzymes, biology of cloning vehicles, vector and host considerations, gene libraries, analysis and

expression of the cloned gene in host cell and understand ethical issues and biosafety regulations. It gives emphasis to practical applications of genetic engineering tools in academic and industrial

research. At the end of the course the student will have detailed knowledge of recombinant DNA technology essential for taking up projects in the field of Biotechnology.

Introduction to rDNA technology, DNA modifying enzymes and its functions (DNA Polymerases,

Klenow fragment, Ligase, S1 Nuclease, Mung Bean nuclease, Alkaline Phosphatase, Terminal

Transferase, Polynucleotide kinases, Polynucleotide phosphorylase, Calf intestinal alkaline

Phosphatases, Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatases, RNase A, RNase H, DNase 1, DNase II, Exonuclease

III, Reverse Transcriptase) Restriction modification system, Restriction enzymes – function,

classification (Based on recognition and restriction sequence:-type I, II and III; based on buffer salt

concentration: - low, medium and high; based on pattern of restriction:-sticky (5’ and 3’) and blunt

end cutters, Plasmids (Types, copy number, properties, origin of replication and incompatibility group,

plasmid amplification), bacteriophages eg. λ (Life cycle, genome organization, feasibility as a cloning

vehicle), Types of Cloning Vectors (structure and general features of General Purpose cloning vectors,

Expression vectors, Promoter probe Vectors, shuttle vectors), Examples of cloning vectors (pBR322,

pUC series of vectors, λ insertional and replacement vectors), derivatives of phages and plasmids

(cosmids, phagemids, phasmids) cloning vectors for large DNA fragments and genomic DNA library

YACs, PACs and BACs. Host and vector consideration, Host Organisms and its genotypes- JM 109 &

DH5α, Selectable and scorable markers, reporter genes, prokaryotic and eukaryotic markers (lacZ,

CAT, Gus, GFP, cre-loxP system, sac B system, npt II gene, luciferase gene, dhfr gene, herbicide

resistance gene)

General strategies for isolation of genomic and plasmid DNA, RNA, strategies for isolation of gene of

interest (restriction digestion, PCR), Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Basic principle, methodology,

Gradient PCR, Hot start PCR Touchdown PCR, inverse PCR RT PCR, Real time PCR, Creation of

r-DNA (Restriction Digestion, modification of vector and insert, linker, adaptors, homopolymer

tailing, ligation), PCR Cloning, Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries (Selection of vectors and

Complexity of library), Methods of gene transfer- Calcium chloride mediated, Electroporation,

Biolistic gun, lipofection and microinjection. In vitro packaging

Blotting techniques- Southern, Northern and Western, Differential display. Gene sequencing-

Chemical, enzymatic, pyrosequencing, next generation sequencing, Immunological screening and

colony and plaque hybridization, dot blot hybridization, chromosome walking, FISH, RACE,

Chromosome walking.

Protein production by foreign DNA in the host bacteria E. coli, Factors influencing expression,

properties of expression vector, examples of expression vectors, tags for purification of expressed

proteins, FLAG expression vector system, cloning in pET vectors, eukaryotic vectors- Baculovirus

based vectors, mammalian viral vectors, expression Host, Modification and folding of protein

in-vitro,

Transgenic organisms, Advantages and disadvantages of Genetically Modified Organisms, Transgenic

animal- Gene therapy. The Use of Transgenic animals mice in areas other than recombinant protein

production. Transgenic plants- applications, special emphasis to pharmaceutical products. Engineered

Nutritional Changes- golden rice, Engineered herbicide resistance, Engineered pesticide resistance.

Production of recombinant proteins (Insulin), recombinant vaccines (Hepatitis B), Hormones (Human

growth hormone). Genome projects and its Applications. International treaties/agreements in

biosafety, public perception on rDNA technology, IPR related to rDNA technology.

2. E. L. Winnacker, From Genes to Clones Introduction to Gene Technology, New Delhi, India:

Panima Publishing Corporation, 2003.

3. T. A. Brown, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis-An Introduction. 5th ed. UK: Wiley Blackwell

Publishers. 2006.

Alkami Biosystems Inc., 1999.

2. B. R. Glick. J. J. Pasternak and C. L. Patten. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and application

of recombinant DNA. 4th ed. Washington D. C: American Society for Microbiology Press, 2010.

3. S. B. Primrose, R. M. Twyman and R. W. Old, Principles of Gene Manipulation, 6th ed. USA:

Wiley-Blackwell, 2001

4. K. Wilson and J. Walker, Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 7th

ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

5. J. W. Dale, M. von Schantz and N. Plant, From Genes to Genomes: Concepts and Applications

of DNA Technology, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2012

● CIA 1: 10%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

● CIA 3: 10%

● Attendance: 5%

CIA total: 50%

End Semester examination: 50% (100 marks)

● Question 1 - 20 marks - No internal choice

● Question 2 - 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 3- 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 4- 20 Marks - With internal choice

● Question 5- 20 Marks - With internal choice

The broad objective of the present core paper is to define the purview of plantbiotechnology with respect to crop improvement and metabolic engineering along withknowing the regulatory issues. In this respect, students will be acquainted with applicationof principles and techniques of plant tissue culture, transgenic technology and metabolicengineering. While in tissue culture, the focus shall be on media composition andpreparation, methods of in vitro regeneration, applications and limitations, with respect togenetic transformation, aspects of cloning, DNA delivery, detection, characterization andexpression of transformants and gene silencing etc would be covered. Global status ofGMOs,variouscasestudiesillustratingtheapplicationofbiotechnologyindevelopingcrop varieties that are resistant to various biotic and abiotic stresses, enhancing nutritionalquality, improved post-harvest qualities, and in the metabolic engineering of plants,aspects related to engineering of secondary metabolites, male sterility, environmentalremediation, and biofarming will be discussed

Plant Cell: Totipotency, scope, historical review, differentiation, de-differentiation and re-differentiation,cultureofplantcells,tissueandorgans,Plantgrowthregulators(auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscicic acid and ethylene). Aseptic techniques, culturemedia: composition and preparation. Methods of sterilization; inoculation, incubation andhardening. Methods to overcome phenolic oxidation.

CellandOrgandifferentiation:Callusandcellsuspensionculture,Micropropagation–directandindirectorganogenesis,somaticembryogenesis,syntheticseedsanditsapplication.

Meristemculture,invitromutagenesis   and   selection   technique,   somaclonalvariations, overcomingcrossingbarriers(Prefertilizationandpostfertilizationbarriersincluding in vitro pollination/fertilization and embryo rescue), embryo culture, endospermculture,haploid plantproductionanditsapplication(androgenesis,gynogenesisandmicrospore culture).

CryopreservationandDNAbankingforgermplasmconservation.Transferandestablishment of plantlets in soil and green house

ProtoplastIsolationandSomatichybridization:   Protoplast   isolation,   purification,viability testing, plating techniques, protoplast culture and regeneration of plants. Protoplastfusion – spontaneous and induced fusion; mechanism of fusion; identification and selectionof hybrid cells; chromosome status of somatic hybrids; cybridization; applications of somatichybrids and cybrids. Genetic modification of protoplasts.

Gene transfer methods in plants: direct and indirect DNA transfer, Biology of Ti andRi plasmids and its use as vectors, Co-integrate vectors, intermediate and helper

plasmids, binary vectors, viral vectors, 35S and other promoters, use of reporter genes andmarker genes, Chloroplast and mitochondrial transformation and its advantages.

GMTechnology:Cropimprovement,productivity,performanceandfortificationof agricultural products – Insect resistance: Bt genes, non-Bt genes like proteaseinhibitors,α-amylaseinhibitors(BtcottonandBtBrinjal).Herbicideresistance:

Phosphoinothricin, glyphosate, sulfonyl urea and atrazine. Virus resistance: coat proteinmediated and nucleocapsid gene. Bacterial and Fungal resistance: chitinase, 1,3-β-glucanase, RIP, antifungal proteins, thionins, PR proteins. Nematode resistance. Abioticstress: drought, cold and saline. Strategies for engineering stress tolerance. Current statusof transgenic plants in India and other countries. Importance of integrated pest managementand terminator gene technology. Environmental impact of herbicide resistance crops andsuper weeds.

Biofertilizers: types, production, VAM, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Mycorhiza,Actinorhiza, vermicomposting technology and Biopesticides

RNAi and antisense RNA technology for extending shelf life of fruits and flowers

(ACC synthase, ACC oxidase and polygalacturonidase,), delay of softening and ripening offleshy fruits (tomato, banana, watermelon). Carbohydrate composition and storage, ADPglucose pyrophosphatase. Post-harvest protection of cereals, millets and pulses.

Non-PCR and PCR based molecular markers (RFLP, RAPD, SSR, AFLP, SCAR).Molecular markers in breeding programme, molecular breeding for resistance

2  Bhojwani SS and Razdan M K (1996) Plant Tissue Culture: Theory andPractice. Elsevier. 767 p

3  K.D. Raju (ed.) (2007), Genetically modified organisms: Emerging law and policyin India, TERI, New Delhi

4. P.Narayan(2001), Patent Law, 3rd edn., Eastern Law House, Calcutta

13  Sawahel WA. Plant Genetic Transformation Technology. Daya PublishingHouse, Delhi. 1997.

14  Gistou P and Klu H. Hand Book of Plant Biotechnology (Vol. I & II). John Publication.2004.

15  Slatu A, et al.,. The Genetic Manipulation of Plant. Oxford University Press. 2003.16 Kirakosyan A and Kaufman PB. Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology (1stEd.) Springer Publishers. 2009.

17  Kamala Sankaran and Ujjwal Kumar Singh (eds.) (2008), Towards legal literacy:An introduction to Law in India, Oxford, New Delhi.

18  F.H.Erbisch and K.M. Maredia(Eds.) (2004)., Intellectual Property Rights in AgriculturalBiotechnology, 2nd edn., CABI Publishing,Oxon.

19  Shyam Divan and Armin Rosencranz(2005), Environmental Law and Policy inIndia, 2nd edn., Oxford, New Delhi, Ch. 4..

20. Jayashree Watal(2001)., Intellectual Property Rights in the WTO andDeveloping Countries, Oxford, New Delhi

● CIA 1: 10%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

● CIA 3: 10%

● Attendance: 5%

CIA total: 50%

End Semester examination: 50% (100 marks)

● Question 1 - 20 marks - No internal choice

● Question 2 - 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 3- 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 4- 20 Marks - With internal choice

● Question 5- 20 Marks - With internal choice

The aim of this course is to provide an introduction to recombinant DNA technology. Ithelps the students to understand how the principles of molecular biology have been usedto develop techniques in recombinant DNA technology. The objective of the course is tofamiliarize the student with the basic concepts in genetic engineering - enzymes, cloningvehicles, gene libraries, analysis and expression of the cloned gene in host cell andunderstandethicalissuesandbiosafetyregulations.Itgivesemphasistopracticalapplicationsofgeneticengineeringtoolsinthefieldofhealthcare.AttheendofthecoursethestudentwillhaveenoughbackgroundofrecombinantDNAtechnologyessential for taking up projects in the field of Biotechnology.

1.     Thin Layer Chromatography of amino acids

2.     Estimation of amino acid by Ninhydrin Method

3.     Extraction of phytochemicals using Soxhlet apparatus and thin layer chromatographyusing commercial silica plate

4.     Quantitative sugar estimation by Benedict’s Assay

5.     Column Chromatography

6.     Purification of phytochemicals and HPLC analysis

7.     Demonstration of chromatography kit

8.     Native PAGE and Zymography

9.     Density Gradient Centrifugation (Separation of lymphocytes from blood) andhaemocytometer count

10.  Partial purification by Ammonium sulfate precipitation and estimation of protein

11.  Databases: ENTREZ, NCBI, UniProt, PDB, EXPASY, BLAST

12.  Molecular Docking (Rasmol, Avogadro, docking software)

13.  Multiple sequence alignment andConstruction of Dendrogram

10.  Transformation of E. coli

11.  Polymerase Chain reaction

12.  Primer design

13.  Gel-band purification of DNA

14.  Southern Blotting and Hybridization

15. Star activity of restriction enzymes

2.  E. L. Winnacker, From Genes to Clones Introduction to Gene Technology, New Delhi,India: Panima Publishing Corporation, 2003.

3.  T. A. Brown, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis-An Introduction. 5th ed. UK: WileyBlackwell Publishers. 2006.

1.Alkami Quick Guide for PCR A laboratory reference for the Polymerase ChainReaction, USA.

Alkami Biosystems Inc., 1999.

2.B. R. Glick. J. J. Pasternak and C. L. Patten. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles andapplication

of recombinant DNA. 4th ed. Washington D. C: American Society for Microbiology Press,2010.

3.S. B. Primrose, R. M. Twyman and R. W. Old, Principles of Gene Manipulation, 6th ed.USA:

Wiley-Blackwell, 2001

4.K. Wilson and J. Walker, Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and MolecularBiology, 7^th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010

5,J. W. Dale, M. von Schantz and N. Plant, From Genes to Genomes: Concepts andApplications  of DNA Technology, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2012

GENETIC ENGINEERING (45 marks)

1. Isolate genomic DNA from the given plant tissue using CTAB and separate it on

agarose gel. (Principle – 2+2m, Procedure – 2+2 m, Materials required - 1+1

Marks, Result- 6m) (16 marks)

2. Design PCR primers for amplifying the coding region of the given gene using Primer

3 software and provide the following information. (15 Marks)

a. Gene length, coordinates on genome and number of amino acids. (3 Marks)

b. Sequence of forward and reverse primers. (3 Marks)

c. Melting temperature for both. (3 Marks)

d. Amplicon size. (1 Mark)

e. Design a PCR program with the primer that is designed by you. (5 Marks)

3. Identify the following spotters and comment on them. (Identification 1 Mark,

Comment 2 Marks) (3*3 Marks=9 Marks)

4. Logical Reasoning (4X2.5 Marks=10 Marks)

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND BIOINFORMATICS (45 marks)

5. Perform the experiment: amino acid estimation by Ninhydrin method OR Estimation of protein

by Lowry’s method OR Estimation of sugar by Benedict’s method OR Separation of amino acids

by TLC method OR Isolation of lymphocytes by density gradient method….15 marks

(Principle: 3 marks,Materials: 2 marks; Procedure: 2 marks; Experimentation and Calculation:

8 marks)

6. Perform BLAST from the given sequence OR Execute command of RASWIN for given protein

structure OR Molecular docking by given protein and ligand structures OR Multiple sequence

alignment and construct phylogenetic tree. 10 marks

(Procedure: 4 marks; Experimentation: 6 marks)

7. Identify and comment (3 X 4 marks=12 marks) (Identification 1 Mark, Comment 3 Marks)

8. Logical questions (2X 4 marks=8 marks)

9. VIVA (10 marks)

To understand the principle behind various techniques in molecular biology and plant biotechnology

1.  Extraction of DNA from the cauliflower by SDS method

2.  Extraction of DNA from the liver

3.  Extraction of genomic DNA from bacterial cells by phenol-chloroform method

4.  DNA estimation by DPA method

5.  RNA estimation by Orcinol method

6.  Spectrophotometric analysis of nucleic acid

7.  Screening of auxotrophic mutants

8.  Bacteriophage assay

9.  UV and chemical mutagenesis

7. Screening of markers

10. Conjugation mapping

13.Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory

14.Nutritional components of Tissue Culture Media

15.Introduction to aseptic techniques

16.Introduction to different types of explants

17.Surface sterilization techniques

18.Callus initiation and Maintenance

19.Initiation of Cell suspension cultures and Growth kinetic studies using PCV/fresh and Dry weight basis

20.Induction of multiple shoots by using different explants

21.Culturing of anthers for the induction of haploids

22.Isolation of protoplast

23.Induction of hairy roots with Agrobacterium rhizogenes infection using different explants and confirmation of transgene using PCR

24.Production of Artificial seeds using sodium alginate

25.Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis

This module aims to provide students with an in-depth understanding of the basic concepts of molecular biology. The structural and functional aspects of basic biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and protein and mechanisms of DNA replication, transcription, translation and gene regulation will be dealt with. The course facilitates the students to have a strong understanding of the molecular basis of life and the underlying gen principles

Nucleic Acids: - DNA and RNA as genetic material and the proof (Griffith Experiment, Avery-McCart McCleod Experiment, Hershey Chase Experiment, Biochemical evidences, Experiments using HRV, TMV), Model organism for studying molecular Biology, Gene structure: Structural organization of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic gene. Complexity of gene.

Nucleic Acids: - DNA and RNA as genetic material and the proof (Griffith Experiment, Avery-McCart McCleod Experiment, Hershey Chase Experiment, Biochemical evidences, Experiments using HRV, TMV), Model organism for studying molecular Biology, Gene structure: Structural organization of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic gene. Complexity of gene.

Watson and Crick model of DNA (Structure of Bases, Nuceosides and nucleotides, Chargaff Rule, Watson and Crick base pairing, Hoogsteen base pairing, physical measurements of DNA, antiparallel nature), Different forms for DNA (A, B and Z), chemical and spectroscopic properties of DNA (Effect of temperature:- denaturation and renaturation kinetics, Absorption of UV light, density gradient centrifugation, intercalating agents, effects of Acid and Alkali on DNA, solubility of DNA), Cot curve analysis,  DNA supercoiling (negative and positive super coiling), Topoisomerase (Types and mechanisms). Proof for Semi conservative model of replication of DNA (Meselson and Stahl Experiment, Thymidine incorporation Assay), Polarity of DNA replication, Prokaryotic DNA Replication Machinery: Gyrase, helicase, DNA polymerases (types, functions, properties) Origin of replication of DNA, Primer, Growing Fork, Mechanism of DNA replication (initiation, elongation (lagging and leading strand synthesis) and termination. Eukaryotic DNA replication – Multiple origins of replication, Enzymes and proteins involved in replication, End replication problem and its solution (Telomere and telomerases and its significance in replication and involvement in cancer and aging). Models of DNA replication: Theta model and Rolling circle model, D-loop method. Inhibitors of DNA replication.

Watson and Crick model of DNA (Structure of Bases, Nuceosides and nucleotides, Chargaff Rule, Watson and Crick base pairing, Hoogsteen base pairing, physical measurements of DNA, antiparallel nature), Different forms for DNA (A, B and Z), chemical and spectroscopic properties of DNA (Effect of temperature:- denaturation and renaturation kinetics, Absorption of UV light, density gradient centrifugation, intercalating agents, effects of Acid and Alkali on DNA, solubility of DNA), Cot curve analysis,  DNA supercoiling (negative and positive super coiling), Topoisomerase (Types and mechanisms). Proof for Semi conservative model of replication of DNA (Meselson and Stahl Experiment, Thymidine incorporation Assay), Polarity of DNA replication, Prokaryotic DNA Replication Machinery: Gyrase, helicase, DNA polymerases (types, functions, properties) Origin of replication of DNA, Primer, Growing Fork, Mechanism of DNA replication (initiation, elongation (lagging and leading strand synthesis) and termination. Eukaryotic DNA replication – Multiple origins of replication, Enzymes and proteins involved in replication, End replication problem and its solution (Telomere and telomerases and its significance in replication and involvement in cancer and aging). Models of DNA replication: Theta model and Rolling circle model, D-loop method. Inhibitors of DNA replication.

Mutation: Definition and Types (Point mutation: Substitution, Addition, Deletion; Frame-shift Mutation, Missense and nonsense mutation, forward and reverse mutation, suppression mutation. Somatic and germline mutation, Transition and transversion, Neutral nonsynonymous and synonymous mutation, lethal mutation) causes of mutation: Spontaneous (Wobble base pairing, addition and deletion by DNA looping out, spontaneous chemical changes: oxidative damage, alkylation and deamination) and Induced mutations (UV, base analogues, alkylating, Hydroxylating and deaminating agents. 

Mutation: Definition and Types (Point mutation: Substitution, Addition, Deletion; Frame-shift Mutation, Missense and nonsense mutation, forward and reverse mutation, suppression mutation. Somatic and germline mutation, Transition and transversion, Neutral nonsynonymous and synonymous mutation, lethal mutation) causes of mutation: Spontaneous (Wobble base pairing, addition and deletion by DNA looping out, spontaneous chemical changes: oxidative damage, alkylation and deamination) and Induced mutations (UV, base analogues, alkylating, Hydroxylating and deaminating agents. 

Photoreactivation, Mismatch repair, excision repair (BER and NER), SOS repair and recombination repair, Homologous and non-homologous; Site specific        recombination; Chi sequences in prokaryotes; Gene targeting; Gene disruption; FLP/FRT and Cre/Lox recombination

Photoreactivation, Mismatch repair, excision repair (BER and NER), SOS repair and recombination repair, Homologous and non-homologous; Site specific        recombination; Chi sequences in prokaryotes; Gene targeting; Gene disruption; FLP/FRT and Cre/Lox recombination

Organization of genomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes- concept of Gene, structure of genes, Monocistronic and polycistronic genes, C value paradox, Gene organization and expression in mitochondria and chloroplast, functions. Role of nuclear matrix in chromosome organization and function; Matrix binding proteins; Transposable elements – classes, transposons and mutations.

Organization of genomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes- concept of Gene, structure of genes, Monocistronic and polycistronic genes, C value paradox, Gene organization and expression in mitochondria and chloroplast, functions. Role of nuclear matrix in chromosome organization and function; Matrix binding proteins; Transposable elements – classes, transposons and mutations.

RNA properties, Structure and functions of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, miRNA, hnRNA and siRNA, Ribozymes, RNA polymerases, Transcription – initiation (Structure of promoter, initiation factors, mechanism of initiation), elongation (factors and mechanism) and termination (mechanism and types of termination: rho dependent and rho independent), transcription factors and its importance, Post transcriptional modifications of eukaryotic mRNA- polyA tailing, Differential Polyadenylation, splicing, capping.

RNA properties, Structure and functions of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, miRNA, hnRNA and siRNA, Ribozymes, RNA polymerases, Transcription – initiation (Structure of promoter, initiation factors, mechanism of initiation), elongation (factors and mechanism) and termination (mechanism and types of termination: rho dependent and rho independent), transcription factors and its importance, Post transcriptional modifications of eukaryotic mRNA- polyA tailing, Differential Polyadenylation, splicing, capping.

Properties of Genetic code and Wobble hypothesis. Mechanism of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (activation and attachment of amino acid to tRNA, initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptide chain), role of Ribosomes in Protein synthesis, post translational modifications of proteins- (glycosylation, protein folding, acetylation, phosphorylation), polysomes, protein stability, Protein transport and regulation (Hydrolytic enzymes of lysosome), molecular chaperones.

Properties of Genetic code and Wobble hypothesis. Mechanism of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (activation and attachment of amino acid to tRNA, initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptide chain), role of Ribosomes in Protein synthesis, post translational modifications of proteins- (glycosylation, protein folding, acetylation, phosphorylation), polysomes, protein stability, Protein transport and regulation (Hydrolytic enzymes of lysosome), molecular chaperones.

Operon concept and its advantages, anabolic (trp operon) and catabolic operon (lac operon), Regulation of expression in Eukaryotes- Britten Davidson model, DNA looping transcriptional regulation, RNA interference, DNA (methylation) Ubiquitination, and Histone (acetyl modifications, DNA protein Interactions, Genes that regulate embryogenesis in C. elegant, gene silencing, silencing. DNA methylation and imprinting.

Operon concept and its advantages, anabolic (trp operon) and catabolic operon (lac operon), Regulation of expression in Eukaryotes- Britten Davidson model, DNA looping transcriptional regulation, RNA interference, DNA (methylation) Ubiquitination, and Histone (acetyl modifications, DNA protein Interactions, Genes that regulate embryogenesis in C. elegant, gene silencing, silencing. DNA methylation and imprinting.

      3. B. Lewin. Genes LX. Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2007

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

• Analytical tools are becoming very important tools in different fields of Biology.
• The paper deals with the principle, instrumentation and uses of such tools. 
• This course fulfils the basic knowledge in analytical techniques for those students who wish to pursue career in allied health fields and other technical programs.

Classes of Phytochemicals, Preparation of extracts for biochemical investigations, methods of extraction of phytochemicals (Maceration, Soxhlet, Microwave assisted, Ultrasonic, Pressurized liquid extraction and Solid Phase Micro Extraction). Type and choice of solvents (Polar and Non polar). Breaking of cells by chemical (detergent, solvent and enzyme) and physical methods (mechanical and non-mechanical), ultrasonication, pressure cell disintegrators, detection of cell-free and cell-bound proteins, Ammonium sulphate precipitation

Concept on Chromatography (Column, Planar, Mobile phase and Stationary phase, Column packing and quality check, TLC, HPTLC, FPLC, HPLC, Stationary Phases-Reverse Phase, Ion Exchange and Size Exclusion, Gas Chromatography, Applications)

Concept on Centrifugation (Differential and Density gradient, types of rotors, Analytical Ultra Centrifuge, Applications)

Concept on Electrophoresis (DNA, RNA and Protein gel electrophoresis, EMSA)

Classes of Phytochemicals, Preparation of extracts for biochemical investigations, methods of extraction of phytochemicals (Maceration, Soxhlet, Microwave assisted, Ultrasonic, Pressurized liquid extraction and Solid Phase Micro Extraction). Type and choice of solvents (Polar and Non polar). Breaking of cells by chemical (detergent, solvent and enzyme) and physical methods (mechanical and non-mechanical), ultrasonication, pressure cell disintegrators, detection of cell-free and cell-bound proteins, Ammonium sulphate precipitation

Concept on Chromatography (Column, Planar, Mobile phase and Stationary phase, Column packing and quality check, TLC, HPTLC, FPLC, HPLC, Stationary Phases-Reverse Phase, Ion Exchange and Size Exclusion, Gas Chromatography, Applications)

Concept on Centrifugation (Differential and Density gradient, types of rotors, Analytical Ultra Centrifuge, Applications)

Concept on Electrophoresis (DNA, RNA and Protein gel electrophoresis, EMSA)

Classes of Phytochemicals, Preparation of extracts for biochemical investigations, methods of extraction of phytochemicals (Maceration, Soxhlet, Microwave assisted, Ultrasonic, Pressurized liquid extraction and Solid Phase Micro Extraction). Type and choice of solvents (Polar and Non polar). Breaking of cells by chemical (detergent, solvent and enzyme) and physical methods (mechanical and non-mechanical), ultrasonication, pressure cell disintegrators, detection of cell-free and cell-bound proteins, Ammonium sulphate precipitation

Concept on Chromatography (Column, Planar, Mobile phase and Stationary phase, Column packing and quality check, TLC, HPTLC, FPLC, HPLC, Stationary Phases-Reverse Phase, Ion Exchange and Size Exclusion, Gas Chromatography, Applications)

Concept on Centrifugation (Differential and Density gradient, types of rotors, Analytical Ultra Centrifuge, Applications)

Concept on Electrophoresis (DNA, RNA and Protein gel electrophoresis, EMSA)

Spectroscopy: Absorption and emission spectra. Electromagnetic radiation. Fluorescence and phosphorescence, Beer- Lambert’s law, principle, operation and applications of Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer, Concept of Stoke’s shift- hypochromicity, hyperchromicity, fluorimeter, flame photometer, Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. IR, Mass spectroscopy and NMR, ICP-MS, S, X ray crystallography.

Spectroscopy: Absorption and emission spectra. Electromagnetic radiation. Fluorescence and phosphorescence, Beer- Lambert’s law, principle, operation and applications of Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer, Concept of Stoke’s shift- hypochromicity, hyperchromicity, fluorimeter, flame photometer, Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. IR, Mass spectroscopy and NMR, ICP-MS, S, X ray crystallography.

Spectroscopy: Absorption and emission spectra. Electromagnetic radiation. Fluorescence and phosphorescence, Beer- Lambert’s law, principle, operation and applications of Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer, Concept of Stoke’s shift- hypochromicity, hyperchromicity, fluorimeter, flame photometer, Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. IR, Mass spectroscopy and NMR, ICP-MS, S, X ray crystallography.

Radioisotope techniques: Nature of radioactivity, isotopes in biochemistry, measurement of radioactivity (carbon dating, Geiger-Muller counting and liquid scintillation counting). Detection of proteins (Western Blot and ELISA)

Radioisotope techniques: Nature of radioactivity, isotopes in biochemistry, measurement of radioactivity (carbon dating, Geiger-Muller counting and liquid scintillation counting). Detection of proteins (Western Blot and ELISA)

Radioisotope techniques: Nature of radioactivity, isotopes in biochemistry, measurement of radioactivity (carbon dating, Geiger-Muller counting and liquid scintillation counting). Detection of proteins (Western Blot and ELISA)

Basic Concept and applications, Concept on databases (NCBI databases, EBI databases, KEGG, DDBJ, DrugBank, IMPPAT, Dr. Duke etc), Multiple Sequence Alignment, Construction of phylogenetic trees (basic concept with different methods like UPGMA), Next generation sequencing (basic concept), Computer Assisted Drug Design (Basic concept on Molecular docking, QSAR, ADME analysis and Molecular Dynamic simulation), Overview on Rice and Human Genome Project

Basic Concept and applications, Concept on databases (NCBI databases, EBI databases, KEGG, DDBJ, DrugBank, IMPPAT, Dr. Duke etc), Multiple Sequence Alignment, Construction of phylogenetic trees (basic concept with different methods like UPGMA), Next generation sequencing (basic concept), Computer Assisted Drug Design (Basic concept on Molecular docking, QSAR, ADME analysis and Molecular Dynamic simulation), Overview on Rice and Human Genome Project

Basic Concept and applications, Concept on databases (NCBI databases, EBI databases, KEGG, DDBJ, DrugBank, IMPPAT, Dr. Duke etc), Multiple Sequence Alignment, Construction of phylogenetic trees (basic concept with different methods like UPGMA), Next generation sequencing (basic concept), Computer Assisted Drug Design (Basic concept on Molecular docking, QSAR, ADME analysis and Molecular Dynamic simulation), Overview on Rice and Human Genome Project

T. Attwood and P. Smith. Introduction to Bioinformatics, USA: Pearson Education, 2007.

Brown TA. Genome III. Garland Science Publ.2007

Azuaje F &Dopazo J. Data Analysis and Visualization in Genomics and Proteomics. John Wiley & Sons.2005

K. Wilson and J. Walker,Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 7th ed.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

S. B. Primrose and R. Twyman R. Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics. USA: John Wiley and Sons, 2013.

Gibson G & Muse SV. 2004. A Primer of Genome Science. Sinauer

Associates.

W. Taylor and D. Higgins. Bioinformatics: Sequence, Structure and Databanks: A    Practical Approach, Oxford, 2000.

Jollès P &Jörnvall H. 2000. Proteomics in Functional Genomics: Protein

Structure Analysis.

Campbell AM &Heyer L. 2004. Discovery Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics. Pearson Education.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

Students will also gain knowledge about the involvement of statistics in research.

The scope of biostatistics; Classification of study design, Observational studies and Experimental studies (uncontrolled studies, trials with external controls, crossover studies, trials with self-controls, trials with independent concurrent controls); Exploration and presentation of data: Scales of measurement, Tables, Graphs, Histograms, Box and Whisker plots, Frequency polygon, Scatter Plots, Principle component analysis.

The scope of biostatistics; Classification of study design, Observational studies and Experimental studies (uncontrolled studies, trials with external controls, crossover studies, trials with self-controls, trials with independent concurrent controls); Exploration and presentation of data: Scales of measurement, Tables, Graphs, Histograms, Box and Whisker plots, Frequency polygon, Scatter Plots, Principle component analysis.

The scope of biostatistics; Classification of study design, Observational studies and Experimental studies (uncontrolled studies, trials with external controls, crossover studies, trials with self-controls, trials with independent concurrent controls); Exploration and presentation of data: Scales of measurement, Tables, Graphs, Histograms, Box and Whisker plots, Frequency polygon, Scatter Plots, Principle component analysis.

Definition, mutually exclusive events and addition rule, independent events and multiplication rule. Sampling: Reasons for sampling, methods of sampling, SRS, Systematic, Stratified, Cluster, NPS. Probability distribution: Binomial, Poisson, Gaussian, Standard normal distribution. Drawing inferences from data: Tests of significance: Statistical inference – estimation - testing of hypothesis - t-test, Chi square test (goodness of fit, independence or association, detection of linkages), Z-test, Confidence intervals, Confidence limits, Hypothesis tests, Types of errors, P-values.

Definition, mutually exclusive events and addition rule, independent events and multiplication rule. Sampling: Reasons for sampling, methods of sampling, SRS, Systematic, Stratified, Cluster, NPS. Probability distribution: Binomial, Poisson, Gaussian, Standard normal distribution. Drawing inferences from data: Tests of significance: Statistical inference – estimation - testing of hypothesis - t-test, Chi square test (goodness of fit, independence or association, detection of linkages), Z-test, Confidence intervals, Confidence limits, Hypothesis tests, Types of errors, P-values.

Definition, mutually exclusive events and addition rule, independent events and multiplication rule. Sampling: Reasons for sampling, methods of sampling, SRS, Systematic, Stratified, Cluster, NPS. Probability distribution: Binomial, Poisson, Gaussian, Standard normal distribution. Drawing inferences from data: Tests of significance: Statistical inference – estimation - testing of hypothesis - t-test, Chi square test (goodness of fit, independence or association, detection of linkages), Z-test, Confidence intervals, Confidence limits, Hypothesis tests, Types of errors, P-values.

Decision about single mean (normal population and non-normal population), decision about single group, decision about paired groups, decision about two independent groups, equality of population variances, computer-aided illustration for comparison of means; Comparing three or more means: ANOVA – one way, two-way, A-priori comparison, Posterior or Post Hoc comparison. Statistical methods for multiple variables: Multiple regression, predicting with more than 1 variable, Statistical test for regression coefficient, Role of R and R2 in multiple regression, Confounding variable (ANACOVA), predicting categorical outcomes – logistic regression, discriminant analysis.

Decision about single mean (normal population and non-normal population), decision about single group, decision about paired groups, decision about two independent groups, equality of population variances, computer-aided illustration for comparison of means; Comparing three or more means: ANOVA – one way, two-way, A-priori comparison, Posterior or Post Hoc comparison. Statistical methods for multiple variables: Multiple regression, predicting with more than 1 variable, Statistical test for regression coefficient, Role of R and R2 in multiple regression, Confounding variable (ANACOVA), predicting categorical outcomes – logistic regression, discriminant analysis.

Decision about single mean (normal population and non-normal population), decision about single group, decision about paired groups, decision about two independent groups, equality of population variances, computer-aided illustration for comparison of means; Comparing three or more means: ANOVA – one way, two-way, A-priori comparison, Posterior or Post Hoc comparison. Statistical methods for multiple variables: Multiple regression, predicting with more than 1 variable, Statistical test for regression coefficient, Role of R and R2 in multiple regression, Confounding variable (ANACOVA), predicting categorical outcomes – logistic regression, discriminant analysis.

Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rho, Linear regression, Least Square method, predicting with regression equation, comparing two regression lines, dealing with nonlinear observation, Common errors in regression, Comparing correlation and regression.

Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rho, Linear regression, Least Square method, predicting with regression equation, comparing two regression lines, dealing with nonlinear observation, Common errors in regression, Comparing correlation and regression.

Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rho, Linear regression, Least Square method, predicting with regression equation, comparing two regression lines, dealing with nonlinear observation, Common errors in regression, Comparing correlation and regression.

Enter data in excel and SPSS, Analyze data using excel and SPSS, Conduct univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis using SPSS, Interpret the results obtained in the SPSS output.

Enter data in excel and SPSS, Analyze data using excel and SPSS, Conduct univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis using SPSS, Interpret the results obtained in the SPSS output.

Enter data in excel and SPSS, Analyze data using excel and SPSS, Conduct univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis using SPSS, Interpret the results obtained in the SPSS output.

Evaluation will be done on the basis of CIA1 (10%), CIA2 [Mid Semester Examination] (25%), CIA3 (10%), Attendance (5%) and End Semester Examination (50%).

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

This course introduces students to the scientific approach to data analysis. Weekly classes and tutorials are geared toward helping the students gain a basic understanding of experiments. In the lectures, students learn about the fundamentals of quantitative research and are accustomed to strategies for data analysis, hypothesis testing, and statistical inference. Each lecture is followed by a computer lab session, where students put their knowledge to practice, and perform tasks that revolve around visualizing data, and conducting statistical analyses.

SPSS: data editor, output viewer, syntax editor – Data view window – SPSS Syntax – Data creation – Importing data – Variable types in SPSS and Defining variables – Creating a Codebook in SPSS.

SPSS: data editor, output viewer, syntax editor – Data view window – SPSS Syntax – Data creation – Importing data – Variable types in SPSS and Defining variables – Creating a Codebook in SPSS.

SPSS: data editor, output viewer, syntax editor – Data view window – SPSS Syntax – Data creation – Importing data – Variable types in SPSS and Defining variables – Creating a Codebook in SPSS.

SPSS: data editor, output viewer, syntax editor – Data view window – SPSS Syntax – Data creation – Importing data – Variable types in SPSS and Defining variables – Creating a Codebook in SPSS.

Computing Variables - Recoding (Transforming) Variables: Recoding Categorical String Variables using Automatic Recode - Rank Cases - Sorting Data - Grouping or Splitting Data.

Computing Variables - Recoding (Transforming) Variables: Recoding Categorical String Variables using Automatic Recode - Rank Cases - Sorting Data - Grouping or Splitting Data.

Computing Variables - Recoding (Transforming) Variables: Recoding Categorical String Variables using Automatic Recode - Rank Cases - Sorting Data - Grouping or Splitting Data.

Computing Variables - Recoding (Transforming) Variables: Recoding Categorical String Variables using Automatic Recode - Rank Cases - Sorting Data - Grouping or Splitting Data.

Descriptive Statistics for Continuous Variables - The Explore procedure - Frequencies Procedure – Descriptive - Compare Means - Frequencies for Categorical Data.

Descriptive Statistics for Continuous Variables - The Explore procedure - Frequencies Procedure – Descriptive - Compare Means - Frequencies for Categorical Data.

Descriptive Statistics for Continuous Variables - The Explore procedure - Frequencies Procedure – Descriptive - Compare Means - Frequencies for Categorical Data.

Descriptive Statistics for Continuous Variables - The Explore procedure - Frequencies Procedure – Descriptive - Compare Means - Frequencies for Categorical Data.

Inferential Statistics for Association: Pearson Correlation, Chi-square Test of Independence – Inferential Statistics for Comparing Means: One-Sample t Test, Paired Samples T Test, Independent Samples T Test, One-Way ANOVA.

Inferential Statistics for Association: Pearson Correlation, Chi-square Test of Independence – Inferential Statistics for Comparing Means: One-Sample t Test, Paired Samples T Test, Independent Samples T Test, One-Way ANOVA.

Inferential Statistics for Association: Pearson Correlation, Chi-square Test of Independence – Inferential Statistics for Comparing Means: One-Sample t Test, Paired Samples T Test, Independent Samples T Test, One-Way ANOVA.

Inferential Statistics for Association: Pearson Correlation, Chi-square Test of Independence – Inferential Statistics for Comparing Means: One-Sample t Test, Paired Samples T Test, Independent Samples T Test, One-Way ANOVA.

https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSLVMB/ welcome/

2. How To Use SPSS ® A Step-By-Step Guide to Analysis and Interpretation, Brian C. Cronk, Tenth edition published in 2018 by Routledge.

2. Using IBM SPSS statistics for research methods and social science statistics, William E. Wagner, Fifth edition published in 2015 by SAGE Publications, Inc.

End Semester Examination: 50 marks 

Total: 100 marks

This paper covers important topics in the development, production, recovery, and analysis of products produced by biotechnology. The course traces the path of a biological product from the cell through

the production facility, the final processing, and formulation. It discusses the growth characteristics of the organisms used to produce biological compounds, the techniques used in product recovery and

purification analysis. The course emphasizes the use of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in these analyses.

Definition of a Bioprocess, over view of bioprocesses with their various components. The range of fermentation processes, Chronological development of fermentation industry. Bioprocess operation & their global impact, Component parts of a fermentation process.

Construction aspects – Material of construction, Vessel design and configuration, Utilities, Components of the fermenters, impellers, aeration, temperature regulation, pH monitoring, antifoaming agents. Types of Bioreactors- conventional- stirred tank reactors, airlift, bubble up, fluidized bed, packed bed, tower reactors, drum reactors, photobioreactors.

Criteria for good medium, medium requirements for fermentation processes, carbon, nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and other complex nutrients, oxygen requirements, medium formulation of optimal growth and product formation, examples of simple and complex media, design of various commercial media for industrial fermentations – medium optimization methods, batch and continuous heat sterilization and filter sterilization of liquid media, Air sterilization

Isolation, screening and strain improvement (mutation, selection of mutants, selective isolation of mutants- genetic recombination) of microbes, Type culture collection, preservation of microbes – water, Ice and Preservation of life, Freezing and thawing, Storage temperature, Cell banks, Laboratory guide to successful cryopreservation, Cryoprotectants and freezing media, Cell harvest and filling cryovials, Freezing of cryovials, Storage and shipping of cryovials. Fermentation process- inoculum build up, pre-fermentation, product fermentation. Solid state fermentation, Solid substrate, submerged,Aerobic, Anaerobic, batch, fed-batch, semi-continuous, continuous, Fermentation based on type of product formation.

Solid-liquid separation (Flocculation, Filtration, Centrifugation), Cell disruption (Physical, chemical and enzymatic), Extraction, Precipitation, Distillation, Evaporation, Chromatographic separation, Adsorption, Concentration, formulation- Lyophilisation, spray drying.

Introduction, Gene expression engineering, Heterologous pathway engineering, Leveraging gene synthesis, advanced cloning techniques, and machine learning for metabolic pathway engineering, Tolerance of microbial biocatalysts to feedstock, products, and environmental conditions.

Classification of metabolic products- Primary, secondary and bioconversion products (Steroids). Production of alcoholic beverage (Beer, wine), Food (Cheese) amino acid (glutamic acid,) Organic acids (Lactic acid), antibiotic (penicillin) single cell protein, single cell oil.

The importance of lab to pilot scale-up, technology derisking, what is pilot scale, why transition to pilot scale, addressing process development issues before technology scale-up – cost of medium ingredients, seed train development; Factors to be addressed at pilot scale – Mixing, Gas solubility, Medium preparation, Product separation and purification; Achieving pilot scale up – Use of satellite fermentations, scale-up strategies and resources, Financial considerations; Quality Control, Qualityassurance, Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) & Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP).

2. S.N. Jogdand. Environmental Biotechnology. 3rded, India: Himalaya Publication House,

2001.

3. B.D. Singh. Biotechnology. 2nded, New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers, 2007

Edinburgh: Butterworth Heinemann Press, 2003

2. M. D. Pauline. Bioprocess Engineering Principles. 2nded, London: Academic Press, 2000.

3. Zhong, Jian-Jiang. Biomanufacturing. New York: Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, 2004

Animals and animal products are used to support research by providing products that help technicians to grow cells, viruses, and microbes in culture. Biotechnologists also use animals to produce

antibodies, interferons, vaccines etc. Cultured cells are finding innumerable applications in recent days. The paper describes the concepts of cell culture in animal systems. Methods of IVF and its

significance in animals and human beings also forms part of this paper. The potential of embryonic stem cells and pluripotent stem cells in creating tissues for transplant and the ethical issues will be

discussed. Animal biotechnology focuses on the manipulation of genes in animals – introduction and knockout of genes and their effects, different systems available for the production of sustainable

industrial products and important therapeutic and diagnostic drugs and vaccines for medical and veterinary use.

History of animal cell culture. Lab setup, Biosafety measures in ACC lab, Type I II, II and IV biosafety levels, types of medium (Defined and undefined), Eagles. Dulbecco’s etc, Buffers, Growth factors, significance of serum, growth requirements – temperature, Carbon dioxide etc, Culture vessels- Roux and Roller bottles, Primary culture, disaggregation of tissue (physical and chemical methods- trypsin, collagenase), secondary cell lines, continuous cell lines, characteristics and maintenance of cell lines, measurement of cell viability - Evan’s blue method, Trypan blue method.

Cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation. Morphology of cells, commonly used cell lines – CHO, BHK, 3T3, Vero, HeLa, tissue markers, use in disease diagnosis, measurement of growth and viability—Cytotoxicity assays, survival assays, clonogenic assays, transformation assays. cell synchronization, senescence and apoptosis, Monolayer and suspension cultures, scaleup of animal cell cultures, bioreactors used, product recovery and purification.

Applications of animal cell lines – vaccine production, toxicity testing, nanoparticles in vaccine delivery systems, tissue engineering - scaffold materials (natural and synthetic), techniques, artificial skin, cartilage and pancreas, culture techniques - Plasma Clot, Raft methods, Agar gel, Grid method, clinical translation of gene therapy products

IVF- in vitro fertilization of farm animals, need for IVF, techniques used - induction of superovulation, preparation and collection of oocytes and spermatozoa, in vitro fertilization and development, embryo transfer & its advantages, embryo splitting and cryopreservation, IVF in humans- significance. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, therapeutic cloning, cloning to conserve endangered species, Bioethics and regulations in artificial reproductive technology

Scope of stem cell technology, properties of stem cells, types of stem cells, Source of stem cells, Embryonic stem cells - stimulation of embryonic stem cells to differentiate, therapeutic adult stem cells - source, differentiation, similarities between adult and embryonic stem cells, induced Pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells, cellular potency-generation of induced pluripotent cells, lineage commitment, cellular development and differentiation applications, correlation between stem cells and cancer, stem cells and aging, clinical applications of hematopoietic stem cells from cord blood, Treatment of neural diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington’s disease and Alzheimer's disease. Bioethics, Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) – guidelines, recent developments in regenerative medicine, challenges in stem cell therapy.

Means of gene transfer in animal systems, yeast based systems - uses of Pichia pastoris system, therapeutic proteins made using Pichia, insect cell based systems- NPV based, advantages, mammalian cell line based vectors. Methods of gene delivery -retroviral and vaccinia viral vector method, DNA microinjection method, engineered embryonic stem cell method. Detection of transgenes, high level production of transgene products – hormones and vaccines - in animal cells, Human growth hormone, Human insulin, tPA, Hepatitis B vaccine, examples of FDA approved recombinant drugs, anticancer drugs. Major pharmaceutical companies in India and their production statistics.

Viral vaccine production using animal cells, major vaccine production centres in India, Recombinant vaccines, Sub unit vaccines – Hepatitis B, Foot and mouth disease, Herpes simplex virus vaccines their production, DNA vaccines, Advantages and disadvantages. Monoclonal antibodies - salvage and de novo pathway synthesis, large scale production, diagnostic and therapeutic uses in diseases like cancer, AIDS etc., Human monoclonal antibodies, Genetic engineering strategies for monoclonal antibody prodution, Human-mouse antibodies, Advantages and limitations of monoclonal antibodies, examples of McAb based drugs available in the market.

Transgenic mice and their applications in understanding normal and disease conditions of physiological processes, Significance and production of human mouse, Onco mouse, transgenic pigs, mosquitoes, sheep, fish, snail, cattle etc. Gene knock outs- strategies, importance, knock out mouse, SCID mouse. Animal handling – techniques and rules to be followed. Cloned animals- Dolly, transgenic animals - Transgenic sheep, cow, fish, pig etc., pharming, animal bioreactors and their importance, preservation of endangered species. Safety in release of genetically engineered organisms, genetic modifications and food consumption, Pre-clinical modelling to patient therapy, Funding of biotech business in India, Bioentrepreneurship efforts in India.

2. R. Portner. Animal Cell Biotechnology, Humana Press, 2007

2004.

2. S. Gangal. Principles and Practice of Animal Tissue Culture, 2nd ed, Hyderabad: Universities

Press, 2010

3. B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. R. K. Roberts and P. Walter. Molecular Biology of the

Cell, USA: Garland Science Publishing, 2008

4. L. Houdibine. Animal Transgenesis and Cloning, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2003.

● CIA 1: 10%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

● CIA 3: 10%

● Attendance: 5%

CIA total: 50%

End Semester examination: 50% (100 marks)

● Question 1 - 20 marks - No internal choice

● Question 2 - 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 3- 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 4- 20 Marks - With internal choice

● Question 5- 20 Marks - With internal choice

This course deals with different infectious and non-infectious diseases in humans and it aims to give in depth knowledge about the same. The syllabus also gives the idea of epidemiology and the different

terms and terminologies related to public health and disease biology

Objectives of Epidemiology, its purpose, influences, and uses, morbidity and mortality,

clinical medicine and public health, Agent, Host, Environment, Vector, Clinical & subclinical

stages, Carrier, Incubation period, Determinants of Health, Measures of Mortality (annual

mortality rate, case-fatality rate, proportionate mortality), Measures of Morbidity (incidence,

prevalence) and Problems with theseMeasures, Factors Affecting Prevalence, Case-Control

Studies, Cohort Studies, Randomized Clinical Trials, Infectious Disease Epidemiology,

Molecular Epidemiology Tools, Zoonosis.

Tuberculosis, Measles, HIV/AIDS, Rabies, Hepatitis A, B, C, Ebola Virus Diseases, Avian

Influenza, Cholera, STD (Pathology, Symptoms, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment,

preventive measures), Diagnostic Test

Mosquitoes- Aedes- Chikungunya, Dengue fever, Zika: Anopheles- Malaria: Culex-

Japanese encephalitis, Lymphatic filariasis :Sandflies Leishmaniasis: Ticks- Lyme disease,

Rickettsial diseases (spotted fever and Q fever), Tick-borne encephalitis Triatomine bugs-

Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis): Tsetse flies- Sleeping sickness (African

trypanosomiasis):Fleas-Plague (transmitted by fleas from rats to humans), Rickettsiosis,

Black flies-Onchocerciasis (river blindness), Aquatic snails-Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis)

(Pathology, Symptoms, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, preventive measures).

Diabetes- types, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial

disease, rheumatic, heart disease, congenital heart disease, deep vein thrombosis and

pulmonary embolism, Bronchitis, Asthma.

Factors influencing the emergence and re-emergence of diseases, examples of emerging

and re-emerging diseases, Mpox, Covid-19,

2. https://www.mayoclinic.org/

3. https://www.cdc.gov/

4. https://www.icmr.gov.in/

● CIA 1: 10%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

● CIA 3: 10%

● Attendance: 5%

CIA total: 50%

End Semester examination: 50% (100 marks)

● Question 1 - 20 marks - No internal choice

● Question 2 - 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 3- 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 4- 20 Marks - With internal choice

● Question 5- 20 Marks - With internal choice

Environmental Biotechnology utilizes microorganisms to improve environmental quality. These improvements include treatment of contaminated waters and wastewaters, clean-up of industrial waste

streams, and remediation of soils contaminated with hazardous and toxic chemicals. Environmental biotechnology is essential to society and truly important as a technical discipline. Microbiological

treatment technologies developed at the beginning of the twentieth century, such as trickling, filtration, activated sludge and anaerobic digestions remain the mainstays today. In recent years, new

technologies are constantly introduced that address very contemporary problems such as detoxification of hazardous chemicals, shortage of fuel environmental biomonitoring, and microbial

genetic engineering for bioremediation of air, water, and soil.

Atmospheric chemistry: Structure and composition of atmosphere, atmospheric pollution and pollutants, ozone chemistry – CFCs, acid rain, photochemical smog, greenhouse gases and global warming. Water: Water pollution and pollutants: types and sources eutrophication, BOD.

Types of microorganisms in the environment, nutritional requirements, types of media, physiology of microbial growth, growth curve, methods of determining bacterial numbers, mass and cell constituents. Effects and microbial adaptations to environmental stresses –Temperature, oxygen, desiccation,osmotic.

Sewage treatment: Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment processes, Aeration (Diffused air system, Mechanical aeration), Trickling filters, activated sludge system, deep shaft process, pure oxygen system, rotating biological contractor, sludge disposal.

Nature and composition of biowaste, Landfill, composting and its application to the waste management – Home composting, Centralized composting (windrow composting, static pile composting, tunnel composting, rotary drum composting, in-vessel composting. Anaerobic digestion process: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, methanogenesis; Anaerobic baffled reactor, anaerobic fixed film reactor, Continuously stirred tank process.

Bioremediation, Factors affecting the use of bioremediation; Biotechnology selection; In- situ techniques – bio-sparging, bio-venting, injection recovery; Ex-situ techniques- land farming, soil banking, soil slurry reactor. Phytoremediation- introduction, terrestrial phytosystem, Metal phytoremediation- phytoextraction, hyperaccumulation, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization; Organic phytoremediation – phytodegradation, rhizodegradation, phytovolatalization, andapplications, aquatic phyto-systems, macrophyte treatment systems; nutrient film technique; algal treatment system-effluent treatment

Composition and production of Biogas, Microbial hydrogen Production, gasohol, biodiesel. Bioleaching: Definition, Types- Direct and Indirect Bioleaching, In-situ and ex-situ, Biomining of ores (Gold, copper, and Uranium).

Bt Brinjal as food, Roundup Ready Maize, and its effect on environment, Agriculture- biofertilizers (rhizobium, mycorrhiza).

Biomonitoring (Visual rating, Genotoxicity, metabolic rating, Plant test system, Animal test system, Biosensor

2. K. Chakravarthy. Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology. 2nd ed, India: OUP India, 2013.

Wiley Blackwell, United states: 2004.

2. T. K. Srinivas. Environmental Biotechnology, India: New Age International Pvt Ltd, 2008.

3. K. Chaterji, Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology. 3rd ed n, Prentice-Hall of India

Pvt. Ltd, April 2011.

4. J. S. Singh, S. P. Singh and S. R. Gupta. Ecology Environmental Science and Conservation.

India: S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd: 2014.312:317

● CIA 1: 10%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

● CIA 3: 10%

● Attendance: 5%

CIA total: 50%

End Semester examination: 50% (100 marks)

● Question 1 - 20 marks - No internal choice

● Question 2 - 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 3- 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 4- 20 Marks - With internal choice

● Question 5- 20 Marks - With internal choice

Students are imparted with the practical knowledge of various immunotechniques as well

as using a living cell for production of industrially important products. This paper deals

with production of wine, citric acid, and Enzymes from microbial sources.

1. Determination of Blood group and Coomb’s test

2. Total count of RBC & WBC using Haemocytometer

3. Differential Count of WBC

4. Widal test and VDRL

5. Dot ELISA

6. Ouchterlony Double Diffusion

7. Radial Immunodiffusion

8. Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis

9. Immunoblotting technique

10. Isolation of lymphocytes from spleen